1. Respiratory System

2. The Respiratory System
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs
Involved in breathing & gas exchange
Brings oxygen to body cells
Gets rid of carbon dioxide
Works in conjunction with the Circulatory System.
If either system fails, body cells begin to die from oxygen starvation & accumulation of CO2

3. The Nose Air enter the nostrils (external nares)
Continues into the nasal cavity, which is divided by a nasal septum.
Warms the outside air
Moistens air
Traps incoming bacteria & foreign debris.
Ciliated cells create a current that directs contaminated mucus toward the throat
where it is swallowed & digested by stomach juices.

4. The Pharynx (Throat) Muscular passageway (+/- 13 cm)
Common passage for Food & Air
Air enters from the nasal cavity & passes through the pharynx to the larynx
Contains the tonsils

5. The Larynx (Voice Box) Routes air & food into the proper channels.
Plays a role in speech
Consists of 8 rigid hyaline cartilages & a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (the epiglottis)
Epiglottis protects the opening of the larynx
Forms a lip over the larynx when swallowing
Routes food into the esophagus
A cough reflex is triggered when anything other then air enters the larynx
Helps prevent contamination of the lungs

7. The Trachea (Windpipe)
Air enters from the larynx
Only way air can enter the lungs
Lined with ciliated mucus
Propel dust & debris away from the lungs to the throat
Smoking destroys the cilia
Blockage of the trachea or larynx leads to choking

8. Bronchi & Lungs Bronchi: Lungs:
Trachea divides into two tubes leading to the lungs (Right & Left Bronchi)
Air entering the bronchi is warm, cleansed of most impurities, & well humidified.
Lungs:
Divided into lobes (Rt – 3 & Lt – 2 lobes)
Primary bronchi subdivide into bronchioles
Bronchioles terminate in alveoli
air sacs where gas exchange occurs
Grape-like sacs
Lungs consists of millions of clustered alveoli

10. The Path of Air Air enters through nose or mouth
Flows into the pharynx, past the epiglottis, through the larynx.
Travels down the trachea, into the bronchi which connects to the lungs.

11. Cleaning Air
The nasal cavity, trachea, & bronchi are lined with ciliated cells that secrete mucus.
Traps foreign matter & moves it back up the throat
Can be swallowed or expelled by coughing or sneezing.

12. Gas Exchange Takes place in the lungs
The two bronchi branch into bronchioles that lead to thousands of thin-walled sacs (alveoli)
Like sacs of grapes
Alveoli exchange O2 & CO2 by diffusion between the air & the blood

13. Transport of Gases Blood vessels surround the alveoli
Oxygen diffuses into the blood vessels
The heart pumps the blood to the body cells
Body cells use the oxygen for cellular respiration
Carbon dioxide diffuses from body cells into the blood
Blood carries the CO2 back to the lungs & is released in your exhale.

15. The Mechanics of Breathing
Involves the diaphragm & muscles between the ribs
Inhale = diaphragm contracts & flattens, enlarging the chest cavity & drawing air into the lungs
Exhale = diaphragm relaxes & the chest cavity volume decreases, forcing most of the air out of the alveoli.

16. Control of Respiration
Involuntary process
High levels of CO2 will cause the brain to signal the rib muscles & diaphragm to contract, & you inhale

17. Factors affecting Respiratory Rate & Depth
Physical Factors
Talking, coughing, exercise, increased body temperature, etc.
Volition (Conscious Control)
Singing, swimming underwater, etc.
Emotional Factors
Fear, crying, laughing, etc.
Chemical Factors
Levels of CO2 & O2, decrease in blood pH

18. Intervention of Respiratory Crises:
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Artificial reestablishment of respiration & circulation
The A,B,C’s of CPR
Airway, breathing, & circulation
Heimlich Maneuver
The abdominal thrust maneuver
used in cases of choking.
Elevates the diaphragm,
compresses the lungs, & increases
air pressure in the bronchial tree.

19. Respiratory Disorders
Cleft Palate
Failure of bones forming the
palate to fuse medially
Breathing, chewing, & speaking problems
Emphysema
Deterioration of alveoli leading to loss of their elasticity
Bronchial Asthma
Spasms of smooth muscle in
bronchial tubes results in partial
closure of air passages.

20. Respiratory Disorders
Pneumonia
Acute inflammation or infection of the alveoli
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Possibly triggered by a viral infection of the upper respirator tract
Coryza – common cold
Caused by viruses
Usually no fever

21. Lung Cancer
More people in the United States die from lung cancer than any other type of cancer
28% of all cancer deaths were due to lung cancer
Cigarette smoking is the number one cause
About 90% of lung cancer deaths
in men and almost 80% of lung
cancer deaths in women
Can also be caused by using other types of tobacco (such as pipes or cigars), secondhand smoke, being exposed to substances such as asbestos or radon at home or work, and family history