1. Roadmap Operant conditioning Punishment Biofeedback
Elements of observational learning
Research updates

2. Operant Conditioning Learning Voluntary behavior
Depends on consequences
Voluntary behavior

3. Operant Conditioning
Examples

4. Reinforcement increases probability response will occur again
Primary reinforcer - naturally reinforcing by meeting biological need
hunger
thirst
touch
Secondary reinforcer – reinforces after being associated with primary reinforcer

5. Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement - addition or experiencing pleasurable
e.g., dessert for good behavior
Negative reinforcement - removal, escape from, avoidance of unpleasant
e.g., sunscreen to prevent sunburn
e.g., leave early so you won’t be late

6. Reinforcement schedules
Partial reinforcement effect - reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ?
Continuous reinforcement

7. Punishment Punishment - response less likely to happen
Punishment by application - addition or experiencing unpleasant
e.g., ?
Punishment by removal - removal of pleasurable

8. Drawbacks of punishment
Severe punishment my cause avoidance of the punisher
instead of?
May encourage lying to avoid
Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety
Cognitive load! (examples?)
Memory/learning impairment

9. Make punishment more effective
Immediately follow the behavior
Be consistent!!!
Pair with reinforcement of the right behavior
How do we define discipline???

10. The infamous “time out”
punishment by removal
special area away from the attention of others
being "removed" from any possibility of positive reinforcement in the form of attention
Powerful impact IF used correctly (especially with children!)

11. Biofeedback
Biofeedback- feedback on biological conditions = voluntary control
blood pressure
respiration
relaxation
Examples

12. Learned Helplessness - Seligman
Learned helplessness -fail to act or escape from a situation
history of repeated failures
ITV Romanian orphans example

13. Observational learning
Observational learning - new behavior by watching a model perform
Bobo doll study/aggression
Learning can take place without actual performance of the learned behavior!
Babies

14. Four Elements of Observational Learning (AMIM)
ATTENTION
learner must pay attention to model
MEMORY
learner must retain memory of what was done
e.g., steps to prepare dish seen on cooking show

15. Four Elements of Observational Learning
IMITATION
learner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions
MOTIVATION
learner must have the desire to perform action

16. Children’s TV