1. The Atmosphere
Grade 10
2012

2. Atmosphere Immediate layer of air that envelopes Earth
Made up of gases, essential to life
The gases:
Acts as a screen, blocking out UV rays and other dangerous rays from the sun
Allow for heat retention
Include Oxygen (cellular respiration) and Carbon Dioxide (photosynthesis)

3. Composition of Air
There are many different types of gasses in the atmosphere
They include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other noble gasses
The gas that is most abundant is nitrogen

4. Think of the Atmosphere like a Hamburger…
Bun
Mayonnaise
Lettuce
Tomato
The typical hamburger might look like this: bun, hamburger meat, tomato, lettuce, mayonnaise and bun.
Hamburger
Bun

5. Layers
Today we will study atmospheric layers and we will see that the atmosphere is in layers much like the layers on a hamburger.
Atmosphere-

6. Layers of the atmosphere
There are 4 layers in the atmosphere
They are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere

7. Exosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Earth
Name The Different Layers as they come in, also explain that the Exosphere is not really a layer but is the beginning of outer space.
Troposphere
Earth

8. Troposphere 0-15 km Cloud formation Storm activity
Higher the altitude, the lower the temperature
Every 1000m the temperature drops 6.5o C

9. Stratosphere This layer sits on top of the troposphere
This layer contains the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful sunlight

10. Stratosphere 15-50 km UV rays absorbed
Contains the ozone layer, presence of ozone gas
Temperature increase with altitude
Air particles are increasingly rare

11. Mesosphere 50-80 km Coldest layer of our atmosphere
As altitude increases temperatures decrease
Temperatures hover -80o C
Human would survive merely minutues due to lack of air particles

12. Thermosphere This is the highest layer of the atmosphere
It’s height ranges from 100 to 400 km
This is where most small meteorites burn up and is also the location in the atmosphere that the northern lights occur (aurora borealis)

13. Thermosphere 80-500 km from earth’s surface
Absorbs the majority of the suns rays
Hottest layer of the atmosphere, temperatures as high as 1800o C
Celestial bodies(meteors) that come in contact with thermosphere burn rapidly
Shooting stars
Polar auroras usually form this layer

14. Atmospheric Pressure
Air is a gas, therefore air is a compressible fluid.
It can exert pressure because it contains particles that are constantly colliding with one another
At sea level the average atmospheric pressure is kPa

15. Atmospheric Pressure 2 Main factors affect atmospheric pressure
Number of particles
When the number of particles increases, they collide more frequently and the pressure rises
When the number of particles drops, the pressure falls.
2. Temperature of air
When air warms its particles move more rapidly and therefore collide more frequently
You would think this would cause pressure top rise….
In the atmosphere, it doesn’t because particles have room to move and spread apart… the DENSITY of air drops
WARM AIR IS LIGHTER THAN COLD AIR

16. Air Masses Anticyclones and Depressions

17. Air Masses
An air mass is a defined as a large body of air with very similar characteristics.
Generally speaking, air masses are generally defined by temperature and moisture
Air masses are named based on the source region of the air mass itself

18. Types of Air Masses Continental Polar, “cold and dry”
Originates closer to the Poles over land- locked regions.
Continental Tropical, “warm and dry”
Originates closer to the Tropics over land-locked regions.
Maritime Polar, “cold and damp”
Originates closer to the Poles over water.
Maritime Tropical, “warm and humid”
Originates closer to the Tropics over water.
Arctic, “very cold”
Originates in the very cold land-locked areas

19. Warm and Cold Fronts
Fronts are the dividing line between air masses so understanding air masses, means understanding where fronts are located

20. Types of Fronts Cold Warm
Noted by cold air advancing and displacing warmer air that exists.
Warm
Noted by cold air retreating from an area.

21. Cold Front
Marked on a map with a blue line and blue triangles pointing towards the warm air.
Associated with cumulus & cumulonimbus clouds ahead of the front in the warm air, producing showers and thunderstorms.

22. Cold Front Simple 3-D idea:

23. Cold Front

24. Warm Front
Marked on a map by a red line with red semi-circles pointed towards the cool air (in the direction the warm air is retreating to.)
Generally associated with stratus type clouds, overcast skies, fog, and general rain or snow.

25. Warm Front Simple 3-D idea:

26. Warm Front

27. THE Greenhouse Effect
Earth and Space
Grade 10
2012

28. Hook
dc_M&feature=related

29. GreenHouse Effect Sunlight heats the Earth
The warm Earth radiates energy (in the form of infrared radiation, or heat) back out
Some of this infrared radiation is trapped in the atmosphere, giving Earth its temperate climate
THIS= Greenhouse effect

30. Greenhouse effect
Without it, our climate would be harsh and severe like on the moon
The greenhouse effect is very similar to a car on warm summer’s day, the heat gets trapped inside the car making it scorching HOT!!

32. Selected Greenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Source: Fossil fuel burning(cars, factories), deforestation
Average atmospheric residence time: 500 years
Carbon Dioxide is not dangerous itself, but too much of it has a profound effect
Methane (CH4)
Source: Rice cultivation, cattle & sheep ranching, decay from landfills, mining
Average atmospheric residence time: 7-10 years
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Source: Industry and agriculture (fertilizers)
Average atmospheric residence time: years
Water Vapor (H2O)
Source: Rain and Oceans

33. Global Warming, A Quick Poll
Is global warming real?
Yes No
How much has the average temperature of the Earth risen in the last 100 years?
~ 0.5°C
~ 1.0°C
~ 5.0°C
~ 10.0°C
This is the highest temperature ever recorded in Earth’s history.
Yes.
No.
Who is to blame?
Human activities
Nature causes ET
NoCanTell!
What is to blame?
Ozone
CO2
H2O O2

34. Global Warming, A Quick Poll
Who is to blame?
Human activities
Nature causes ET
NoCanTell!
What is to blame?
Ozone
CO2
H2O O2
NoCanTell. It is real complicated!
Is global warming real?
Yes No
How much has the average temperature of the Earth risen in the last 100 years?
~ 0.5°C
~ 1.0°C
~ 5.0°C
~ 10.0°C
As far as we know, this is the highest temperature ever recorded in Earth’s history.
Yes.
No.

35. Global Warming VS Greenhouse Effect
The greenhouse effect & global warming are not the same thing.
Global warming refers to a rise in the temperature of the surface of the earth
An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases leads to an increase in the magnitude of the greenhouse effect. (Intensification)
This results in global warming

36. Average global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

37. What is causing this Intensification?
The balance of CO2 we are used to experiencing, has unbalanced over the last years
CO2 mainly came from forest fires, volcanic activity, and cellular respiration
The oceans and plants(photosynthesis) were able to absorb the level of emmissions = stable temperatures!
NO MORE….

38. What is causing this Intensification?
Population Growth is the main cause for the extra CO2 we are experiencing in our environment.
More cars
More energy use in homes
Bigger factories

39. Why is the extra CO2 so bad?
Global warming!
Rise in tides
Heavy drought
Spread of disease
Climate Change
Endangered species
Think Arctic warming

40. Extra N2O and ch4
Excessive methane causes a greenhouse effect 21 times greater than CO2
Sources: farm animal digestion, manure storage, rice farming, decomposing household waste
Excessive Nitrous Oxide also emphasizes the greenhouse effect
Primary Source: Fertilizers

41. Runaway Greenhouse Effect
If we were to move the Earth closer to the Sun, like where Venus is now, then we would suffer the runaway greenhouse effect as well, lose all the water, and become hot like Venus.

42. Tim and Moby Review
em/greenhouseeffect/preview.weml

43. Energy Resources in the Atmosphere
Earth and Space
Grade 10
2012

44. What are wind turbines?
Wind turbines can transform the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy
Wind is a renewable source of energy (environmentally friendly)

45. How Do Wind Turbines Work?

46. Disadvantages to Wind Energy
Wind is not always reliable
Expensive to set up
Eye sore- some people find they ruin the natural landscape

47. The effect of the sun and moon

48. Solar radiation
The sun is a star. It is composed of 75% hydrogen and 25% helium. The extreme temperature of the sun ( oC) produces nuclear energy, i.e. hydrogen atoms combine to form helium, releasing large amounts of energy.
The sun emits radiation of all spectrum wavelengths but only visible light, infrared rays and ultraviolet rays reach the earth.

49. Solar Energy
We can use the energy in the Sun’s radiation. There are a few ways to do this.

50. Solar Energy Solar collectors Used as a source of heat
Copper tubing is placed underneath glass panels
Used mainly to heat water for homes or swimming pools

51. Solar Energy Photovoltaic Cells Used as a source of electricity
Large panels are made of silicon cells. When they are hit by light, electrons move and a current is created
Can be used as a source of electricity in homes and buildings. They also prove to be very useful in space.

52. The Earth- Moon System Tides
A tide is a rise and fall of water in the sea or ocean.
Tides are caused by the Moon’s gravitational pull.
The water is pulled by the Moon’s gravitational attraction and as a result, bulges of water are formed on each side of the earth. Those regions experience high tide.
Brainpop.com (moon and tides)

53. Tides
The moon pulls water toward it, and this causes the bulge toward the moon. The bulge on the side of the Earth opposite the moon is caused by the moon "pulling the Earth away" from the water on that side.

54. Tides
There are 2 high tides and two low tides each day.

55. Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is obtained from the rise and fall of the tides.
Tidal energy can be transformed into electrical energy.
The process used to transforms tidal energy is similar to producing hydroelectricity.