1. Streams- a body of flowing water

2. Deltas- low watery land formed at the mouth of a river

3. Floodplains- an area around the river where the elevation of the land is lower than other areas

4. Hills- a raised area or mound of land

5. Mountains/Mountain Ranges- a very tall, high natural place on earth (a range is a group of mountains)

6. Valleys- low place between mountains

7. Sinkholes- a place where the ground gives out and a hole opens up because of erosion

8. Caves- large hole in the ground or in the side of a hill or mountain

9. Canyons- deep valley with very steep sides often carved from Earth by a river 

10. Springs- a flow of water which emerges from the groundwater in the Earth’s crust

11. Dunes- hill or ridge made of sand which is shaped by the wind

12. Islands- piece of land surrounded by water on all sides

13. Volcanoes- mountainous vent in the Earth's crust

14. Glaciers- long-lasting slow-moving river of ice on land

15. Fast Changes to the Earth’s Surface
Volcanic Activity- the sudden occurrence of a discharge of volcanic material from a volcano 
Earthquakes- shaking and vibration at the surface of earth resulting from underground movement
Mass Wasting- mudslides, avalanches, and landslides
Flooding- great flowing or overflowing of water, especially over land

16. Slow Changes to the Earth’s Surface
Erosion- process of carrying away weathered bits of rocks
Deposition- discharging of a load carried by the river or the sea
Weathering- process of rocks in Earth's crust slowing being broken into smaller pieces 
Glacial Movement- a movement of a huge area of ice 

17. Map Vocabulary
Relative Location- location of a place relative to other places
Map Scale- shows the relationship between the unit of length on a map and the corresponding length on the Earth's surface
Cardinal Directions- four main points on the compass (north, east, south, and west)
Intermediate Directions- the points on the compass that fall between north, east, south, and west (NE, SW, NW, and SE)

18. Additional Vocabulary
Freshwater- water not containing salt which is found in rivers and lakes (3/100 of the Earth's surface)
Groundwater- any water that is underground
Fossils- remains or mark of an animal or plant that lived long ago
Biodiversity- the interactive between living and nonliving organisms
Modification- changes, both positive and negative, to our environment
Ecosystem- all the living and nonliving things in an environment and the many ways they interact