1. Do Now On a piece of paper answer the following question:
Where did Europe stand at the end of the French Revolution?
Congress of Vienna
Napoleon sent to St. Helena
France a monarchy again
Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria still monarchies
= international equilibrium of political & military forces!! (so no one could take over again )

2. The Industrial Revolution
Agricultural
Revolution
Improved Farming
Industrial Revolution!
Energy Revolution
Population
Explosion!

3. The Industrial Revolution

4. The Great Powers
The Great Powers or Quadruple Alliance dominated international politics after Napoleon ( )
Austria
Russia
Prussia
Great Britain
(kinda) France

5. Metternich Prince Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (wowza, right?)
Austrian foreign minister ( )
Great diplomat
Born into landed nobility
Big role in French Revolution
Arranged marriage of Napoleon
with Austrian
Entered Austria into 6th Coalition

6. Metternich & Dual Revolution
Austria, Prussia, Russia (under Metternich) start crusade against ideas & politics = dual revolution
Suppress liberal and revolutionary movements across Europe
Lasted until 1848
= CONSERVATISM

7. Metternich & Conservatism
Why conservatism after revolution?
Metternich believed too much bloodshed had happened because of revolutionary movements
Also, Austria a diverse group - Hugarians, Czechs, Austrians, etc. – didn‘t want them revolting
Actions against liberalism/nationalism/etc.
Carlsbad Decrees = Germans required to root out liberal ideas in universities & newspapers

8. “Today the greatest evil—and therefore the most immediate—is the press
—Metternich to Gentz, June 1819

9. New Ideologies Emerged – Isms!
Following peace, people questioned what had happened
Rejected conservatism – tradition, monarchy, landowning aristocracy, official church
Thinkers developed new visions (ideologies)
Ideology: the body of doctrine,
myth, belief, etc., that guides an
individual, social movement,
institution, class, or large group.

10. Liberalism France & America liberty and equality Individual freedoms
Laissez faire = unrestricted enterprise, no government interference in economy
Usually middle class
Not revolutionary/radical enough?

11. Nationalism
People had unity, usually in common language or history and led to desire for independent state (cultural unity)
Europe had lots of languages & histories sharing space
Strong sense of “we/they” = strong desire for unity & strong sense of superiority

12. Socialism backlash against individualism more community
greater economic equality between rich and poor
Against capitalism (private control of goods for profit)
Against laissez-faire
Most famous socialist: KARL MARX

13. Karl Marx Communist Manifesto (1848)
Society split more between bourgeoisie (middle class) & proletariat (working class) = class conflict
Proletariat eventually overthrow the bourgeoisie in violent revolution
Created one of biggest ISMs in human history

14. Conservatism Challenged
Greeks freed from Ottoman Empire ( )
Various reforms in Great Britain (more men voting, limited workdays, etc.)
Ireland’s Potato Famine
Population increase, potato crops decrease = anger at Britain and Irish nationalism
Another Revolution in France (1830)
Another king tried to take away rights, but people revolted

15. Isms + Economic Crisis = Revolution
Rapid population growth + industrialization = economic crisis by the 1840s
Bad harvests
High prices
Unemployment everywhere
Lots of people
Outbreaks all over
Europe, but all failed

16. + = France, again A King + Revolution = a Napoleon
Almost exactly like the French Revolution, watch . . .
A King + Revolution = a Napoleon + =

17. France, again King Louis Philippe refuse reforms
Middle class workers revolt
King abdicates throne to grandson, but French don’t want monarchy
Revolutionaries draft constitution for 2nd Republic & elect Constituent Assembly
Clash over ideas of socialism = violent uprising called “June Days”
Louis Napoleon , nephew of Napoleon, elected

18. Elsewhere . . . Austria - 1848 Prussia - 1848
Revolutionary spirit began in Hungary
Revolutionaries weak b/c of different nationalist ideas
Army broke down revolt
Aristocracy & royalty strong
Middle-class & workers revolt - want constitution
King Frederick William IV caves in
Natl. Assembly elects FW as King
FW disbands Assembly
Attempts to unit German Confederation of state fails

19. Questions to Consider:
Could the Great Powers have done anything to stop the revolutions later in the 19th century?
Which ideology – ism – do you think would have been most successful for European countries at this time?
Why do the 1848 revolutions fail?
Does conservatism win?
What do you think happens to Europe next in these years before World War I?