1. Are You an Effective Learner?
Catalyst
Are You an Effective Learner?

2. Homework
Winter Break Packet

3. AIM
SWBAT describe the structures and functions of the divisions of the nervous system.

4. Criteria for Success
[ ] I can take organized notes. [ ] I can describe the cell types in neural tissue. [ ] I can compare the divisions in the nervous system. [ ] I can describe the divisions in the peripheral nervous system.

5. Introduction Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons Dendrites Cell body
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cell types in neural tissue:
Neurons
Dendrites
Cell body
Nuclei of
neuroglia
Axon
© Ed Reschke

6. Introduction Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons: nerve cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cell types in neural tissue:
Neurons: nerve cells
Dendrites
Cell body
Nuclei of
neuroglia
Axon
© Ed Reschke

7. Introduction Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cell types in neural tissue:
Neurons
Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial cells)
Dendrites
Cell body
Nuclei of
neuroglia
Axon
© Ed Reschke

8. Introduction Cell types in neural tissue: Neurons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cell types in neural tissue:
Neurons
Neuroglial cells (also known as neuroglia, glia, and glial cells): specialized nervous system cells that:
Produce myelin
Maintain ionic environment
Provide growth factors
Provide structural support
Dendrites
Cell body
Nuclei of
neuroglia
Axon
© Ed Reschke

9. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)

10. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord

11. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

12. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves

13. Divisions of the Nervous System
Central (CNS)
Peripheral (PNS)

14. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division

15. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS

16. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division

17. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division
Carries information to muscles and glands

18. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division
Carries information to muscles and glands
Divisions of the Motor Division:

19. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division
Carries information to muscles and glands
Divisions of the Motor Division:
Somatic – carries information to skeletal muscle

20. Divisions of Peripheral Nervous System
Sensory Division
Picks up sensory information and delivers it to the CNS
Motor Division
Carries information to muscles and glands
Divisions of the Motor Division:
Somatic – carries information to skeletal muscle
Autonomic – carries information to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

21. Divisions Nervous System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central Nervous System
(brain and spinal cord)
Peripheral Nervous System
(cranial and spinal nerves)
Brain
Cranial
nerves
Sensory division
Sensory receptors
Spinal
cord
Spinal
nerves
Motor division
Somatic
Nervous
System
Skeletal muscle
Autonomic
Nervous
System
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glands
(a)
(b)

22. Cold Day

23. Catalyst
Personal Time Survey

24. Homework
Drawing Portfolio

25. AIM
SWBAT describe the functions of the nervous system and the structure and function of neurons and their components.

26. Criteria for Success
[ ] I can compare and contrast the three functions of the nervous system. [ ] I can describe the structure of a neuron. [ ] I can describe the structure of a Schwann cell. [ ] I can differentiate between white and gray matter.

27. General Functions of the Nervous System
The three general functions of the nervous system:

28. General Functions of the Nervous System
The three general functions of the nervous system:
Receiving stimuli = sensory function

29. General Functions of the Nervous System
The three general functions of the nervous system:
Receiving stimuli = sensory function
Deciding about stimuli = integrative function

30. General Functions of the Nervous System
The three general functions of the nervous system:
Receiving stimuli = sensory function
Deciding about stimuli = integrative function
Reacting to stimuli = motor function

31. Functions of Nervous System
Sensory Function
Sensory receptors gather information
Information is carried to the CNS

32. Functions of Nervous System
Sensory Function
Sensory receptors gather information
Information is carried to the CNS
Integrative Function
Sensory information used to create:
Sensations
Memory
Thoughts
Decisions

33. Functions of Nervous System
Sensory Function
Sensory receptors gather information
Information is carried to the CNS
Integrative Function
Sensory information used to create:
Sensations
Memory
Thoughts
Decisions
Motor Function
Decisions are acted upon
Impulses are carried to effectors

34. Description of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons vary in size and shape

35. Description of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons vary in size and shape
They may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites

36. Description of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons vary in size and shape
They may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites
Neurons share certain features:

37. Description of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons vary in size and shape
They may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites
Neurons share certain features:
Dendrites: small cellular processes that receive the input

38. Description of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons vary in size and shape
They may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites
Neurons share certain features:
Dendrites
Axon: (also called nerve fiber) a longer process that carries the information away from the cell in the form of bioelectric signals called nerve impulses

39. Description of Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons vary in size and shape
They may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites
Neurons share certain features:
Dendrites
Axon
Cell Body

40. Neuron Structure Chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies) Dendrites
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chromatophilic
substance
(Nissl bodies)
Dendrites
Cell body
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Neurofibrils
Axonal
hillock
Impulse
Axon
Synaptic knob of
axon terminal
Nodes of Ranvier
Myelin (cut)
Schwann
cell
Nucleus of
Schwann cell
Axon
Portion of a
collateral

41. Schwann Cells PNS Dendrite Unmyelinated region of axon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

42. Schwann Cells PNS Encase large axons in lipid-rich sheaths Dendrite
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

43. Schwann Cells PNS Encase large axons in lipid-rich sheaths
Layers composed of myelin
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

44. Schwann Cells PNS Encase large axons in lipid-rich sheaths
Layers composed of myelin
Neurilemma contains cytoplasm and nuclei
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

45. Schwann Cells PNS Encase large axons in lipid-rich sheaths
Layers composed of myelin
Neurilemma contains cytoplasm and nuclei
Gaps in myelin sheath between Schwann cells called nodes of Ranvier
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

46. Myelination of Axons White Matter Contains myelinated axons
Considered fiber tracts
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

47. Myelination of Axons White Matter Contains myelinated axons in groups
Considered fiber tracts
PNS
Gray Matter
Contains unmyelinated structures
Cell bodies, dendrites
CNS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrite
Unmyelinated
region of axon
Myelinated region of axon
Node of Ranvier
Axon
Neuron
cell body
Neuron
nucleus
(a)
Enveloping
Schwann cell
Schwann
cell nucleus
Longitudinal
groove
Unmyelinated
axon
(c)

49. Exit Ticket

50. Brain Games

51. Catalyst
1. The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons both physically and nutritionally are called ________________________. 2. Schwann cells are composed of layers of ____________. 3. Sheaths of ________________________ cells often enclose the larger axons outside of the brain and spinal cord. 4. A(n) _____________________ is the junction between neurons.

52. Homework Tissue Review WS Force Resistance Resistance Resistance Force
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Force
Resistance
Resistance
Resistance
Force
Resistance
Fulcrum
Fulcrum
Fulcrum
Fulcrum
Force
Force
(a) First-class lever
(b) Second-class lever
Resistance
Force
Resistance
Fulcrum
(c) Third-class lever
Fulcrum
Force

53. AIM
SWBAT classify neuroglia and neurons according to both structure and function.

54. Criteria for Success
[ ] I can classify neurons according to structure: unipolar, bipolar and multipolar. [ ] I can classify neurons according to function: sensory, integrative motor. [ ] I can define ganglia. [ ] I can differentiate between glial cells in the CNS and the PNS. [ ] I can explain the process of regeneration of a nerve.

55. Classification of Neurons and Neuroglia
Neurons vary in function
They can be sensory, motor, or integrative neurons
Neurons vary in size and shape, and in the number of axons and dendrites that they may have
Due to structural differences, neurons can be classified into three (3) major groups:
Unipolar neurons
Bipolar neurons
Multipolar neurons

56. Classification of Neurons: Structural Differences
Unipolar neurons
One process
Divides into 2 branches
Peripheral
Central
Ganglia (specialized
masses of nerve
tissue)of PNS
Sensory
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrites
Peripheral
process
Axon
Direction
of impulse
Central
process
Axon
Axon
(a) Multipolar
(b) Bipolar
(c) Unipolar

57. Classification of Neurons: Structural Differences
Bipolar neurons
Two processes
One process from
each end
Axon
Dendrite
Eyes, ears, nose
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrites
Peripheral
process
Axon
Direction
of impulse
Central
process
Axon
Axon
(a) Multipolar
(b) Bipolar
(c) Unipolar

58. Classification of Neurons: Structural Differences
Multipolar neurons
99% of neurons
Many processes
One axon
Many dendrites
Most neurons of CNS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dendrites
Peripheral
process
Axon
Direction
of impulse
Central
process
Axon
Axon
(a) Multipolar
(b) Bipolar
(c) Unipolar

59. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
Most unipolar

60. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
Most unipolar
Carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts

61. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
Most unipolar
Carry nerve impulses from peripheral body parts
Distal ends act as sensory receptors
Changes in outside world
Changes in body

62. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Interneurons
Multipolar

63. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Interneurons
Multipolar
Form links between other neurons

64. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Interneurons
Multipolar
Form links between other neurons
Direct incoming sensory impulses to appropriate regions for
processing and interpreting

65. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Multipolar

66. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Multipolar
Carry impulses out of CNS to effectors

67. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Multipolar
Carry impulses out of CNS to effectors
Somatic nervous system

68. Classification of Neurons: Functional Differences
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Multipolar
Carry impulses out of CNS to effectors
Somatic nervous system
Cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

69. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the CNS
1) Microglia
CNS
Small, few process
Phagocytic cell

70. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the CNS
1) Microglia
CNS
Small, few processes
Phagocytic cell
2) Astrocytes
CNS
Star-shaped
Scar tissue in brain tissue
Mop up excess ions, etc.
Connect neurons to blood vessels
Part of Blood Brain Barrier

71. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the CNS
1) Microglia
CNS
Small, few processes
Phagocytic cell
3) Oligodendrocytes
CNS
Resemble astrocytes
Myelinating cell
Many processes
2) Astrocytes
CNS
Star-shaped
Scar tissue
Mop up excess ions, etc.
Induce synapse formation
Connect neurons to blood vessels
Part of Blood Brain Barrier

72. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the CNS
1) Microglia
CNS
Small, few processes
Phagocytic cell
3) Oligodendrocytes
CNS
Resemble astrocytes
Myelinating cell
Many processes
2) Astrocytes
CNS
Scar tissue
Mop up excess ions, etc.
Induce synapse formation
Connect neurons to blood vessels
Part of Blood Brain Barrier
4) Ependyma or ependymal
CNS
Ciliated
Line central canal of spinal cord
Line ventricles of brain

73. Types of Neuroglial Cells
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fluid-filled cavity
of the brain or
spinal cord
Neuron
Ependymal
cell
Oligodendrocyte
Astrocyte
Microglial cell
Axon
Myelin
sheath (cut)
Capillary
Node of
Ranvier

74. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the PNS
1) Schwann Cells
Produce myelin found on peripheral myelinated neurons
Speed up neurotransmission

75. Types of Neuroglial Cells in the PNS
1) Schwann Cells
Produce myelin found on peripheral myelinated neurons
Speed up neurotransmission
2) Satellite Cells
Support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

76. Neuroglial Cells Comprise more than half of brain volume
Outnumber neurons 10 to 1
Cause most brain tumors
Damage to cell body kills cell; however axons may regenerate

77. Regeneration of A Nerve Axon
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Motor neuron
cell body
Skeletal
muscle fiber
Changes
over time
Site of injury
Schwann cells
Axon
(a)
Distal portion of
axon degenerates
(b)
Proximal end of injured axon
regenerates into tube of sheath cells
(c)
Schwann cells
degenerate
(d)
Schwann cells
proliferate
(e)
Former connection
reestablished