1. Journal #28
Judicial Review – power that allows the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional – established by Marbury v. Madison
Inauguration – swearing in ceremony – usually for a president

2. Jefferson as President and the Louisiana Purchase

3. Bonus Questions Who was the 2nd President of the United States?
What were the first 2 political parties that formed before the election of 1796?
What was the nickname of the USS Constitution and where is it located today?
What did the 12th Amendment do? Why was this necessary?

4. Jefferson’s Inauguration
Washington and Adams had worn fancy clothes and taken carriages to their inaugurations
Jefferson wore plain clothes and walked from his house to the Capital Building
John Adams was upset and left the city
The Republican Party was celebrating a huge victory in which they won the presidency and both houses of Congress
This was the first transfer of power from one party to another in U.S. history

5. The Importance of Jefferson’s Election
Jefferson’s election was seen as proof that the country could change leaders peacefully – which was rare at this time
Jefferson read his speech in a quiet voice, he tried to comfort the Federalists by promising to run the government fairly
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists…Let us then, with courage and confidence pursue our attachment to union and representative government.”

6. Jefferson in Office
Jefferson needed to put republican ideas into practice
He chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of the treasury
They set new Republican policies
They lowered military spending – reducing the size of the army and navy
They got rid of taxes, like the taxes on whiskey
He wanted to reduce spending to decrease U.S. debt
Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States – a federalist idea
He also kept some Federalists in government jobs

7. John Marshall ( )
In the House of Representatives in 1799, Secretary of State under Adams
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from , a Federalist judge appointed by Adams
Marshall and Jefferson disagreed about many political issues
Made many important decisions

8. Marbury v. Madison
Background: Before he left office in 1801, Adams appointed many new Federalist judges
Jefferson did not like this, so he told James Madison not to fill out forms that allowed these judges to begin working
What: One of the judges, William Marbury, asked the Supreme Court to force the executive branch to fill out the forms based upon the Judiciary Act of 1789
Marshall rules that the Court did not have the power to force Madison to give Marbury his papers and that the Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional
Why: this case established the power of judicial review, which greatly increased the power of the Supreme Court

9. The Louisiana Purchase
10.2

10. The Spanish in America
The Spanish worried about how to keep American settlers out of their territory
Under a secret treaty, Spain trades Louisiana to France

11. French Louisiana In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte was the leader of France
His political ideas and military skill caused fear throughout Europe
As he conquered neighboring countries he wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America
Napoleon wanted to send troops to Louisiana to expand his empire

12. French Problems in Haiti
In order to send troops to Louisiana, Napoleon needed to take back St. Domingue (Haiti)
Toussaint-Louverture’s troops defeat the French troops in 1802 – this prevents Napoleon from sending troops to Louisiana

13. New Orleans
The U.S. was worried that the French could interfere with their trade on the Mississippi
Jefferson wanted to find a peaceful answer
He sends ambassadors Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France to try to buy New Orleans and West Florida
The French foreign minister asks the U.S. ambassadors how much they would offer for the entire territory

14. The Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon wanted to sell Louisiana for a few reasons
He was about to go to war with Great Britain – he didn’t want to fight 2 wars
He needed money to supply his army in Europe
He wanted to limit Britain’s power in North America

15. The Louisiana Purchase
Congress authorizes Livingston and Monroe to offer $10 million for the Louisiana Territory
The French ask for $15 million and the treaty is signed on May 2, 1803
Jefferson agrees to spend more because he thought it was best for the country
The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S.

16. The Louisiana Purchase

17. The Mission of Discovery
Jefferson wanted to know more about the people, land, and rivers of the West.
He chose Meriwether Lewis, a former soldier and his personal assistant, to lead the expedition
Lewis chose William Clark to be the co- leader of the expedition
The pair spent months preparing for the trip by studying with experts and selecting skilled frontiersmen to go with them

18. The Goals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition
To map the area that they traveled through
To find a water route to the Pacific Ocean
To inform the Native Americans that they met that their land now belonged to the U.S.
To describe the people, places, plants and animals that they encountered

19. Lewis and Clark
The expedition left St. Louis in 1804, following the Missouri River
They spend a winter with the Mandan in North Dakota
They eventually get to the end of the Missouri River, Sacagawea helps them get horses and guides them through the Rocky Mountains
They then follow the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean, arriving in November 1805

20. Lewis and Clark
Started their return trip in March 1806 and arrived in St. Louis in September 1806
People celebrated their return
The expedition gained valuable information about western lands, people, plants, and animals

21. Pike’s Exploration
In 1806 a young army officer named Zebulon Pike was sent on a mission to find the starting point of the Red River
He tries to climb a mountain in Colorado now known as Pikes Peak, then heads south
He is arrested by Spanish officials in New Spain, they accuse him of spying

22. Pikes Peak