1. Literary and Dramatic Terms and Language from Elizabethan England

2. Featuring: The Shakespearean Tragedy
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3. Contents Part One: Drama Part Two: Tragedy
Part Three: Shakespeare’s Poetic Language
Part Four: Shakespeare’s Word Play
Part Five: Important Elements

4. Part One: DRAMA This genre differs from other types of literature.
drama = the branch of literature especially intended to be acted out upon the stage; a play

5. Script Remember that a play or drama is intended to be performed.
The written version of that performance is called a script.
The script is a set of directions that shows the writer’s intentions for the actors and the story itself.
A page of Shakespeare’s original script.

6. Stage Directions/Props
stage directions = instructions for an actor or director written into the script of a play
props = short for “property”; objects used onstage by actors during a performance
Stage Direction
Prop
From Macbeth

7. Dialogue
conversation among multiple characters in a play
From Hamlet

8. Monologue Soliloquy a long speech spoken by ONE character onstage
not spoken directly to an audience
a character is alone, speaking to himself or herself, expressing his/her inner thought
to “think out loud” to give the audience insight to the character’s thoughts
a long speech
spoken by ONE character onstage
spoken directly to an audience
usually directed to an audience within the play

9. Famous Monologue
From Julius Caesar
(spoken to audience in the play)

10. Famous Soliloquy
From Romeo and Juliet

11. Aside
Spoken words, usually in an undertone, that certain characters onstage are not intended to hear
From Macbeth
Begin at 6:30 mark. Notice several times that the three men do not hear as Macbeth turns away and comments about the news.

12. Part Two: TRAGEDY Some Review
Tragedies differ from other plays (such as comedies).
tragedy = a serious play showing how a protagonist’s character leads to his own permanent downfall

13. Aristotle
a famous Greek philosopher whose model for dramatic tragedy has stood for over 2000 years
Because many of Shakespeare’s tragedies include Aristotle’s concepts, it is reasonable to believe that Shakespeare read Aristotle’s work.
Aristotelian Concepts Used in Shakespeare’s Tragedies
Tragic hero
Tragic Flaw
Catharsis
Chorus
Comic Relief

14. Tragic Hero King Lear Macbeth Romeo and Juliet Julius Caesar Hamlet
the protagonist of a tragedy who is regarded very highly in his society but eventually suffers an irreversible downfall
King Lear
Macbeth
Romeo and Juliet
Julius Caesar
Hamlet
Othello

15. Gullibility Ambition Fickleness Rashness Jealousy Pride—AKA Hubris
Tragic Flaw
A character defect, flaw, or weakness that afflicts a tragic hero and leads to his downfall– AKA Hamartia
Gullibility
Ambition
Fickleness
Jealousy
Rashness
Pride—AKA Hubris
Anger
Rebellion

16. Catharsis the purification of emotions; the state of being cleansed
It is believed that an audience goes through a process of catharsis during a tragedy.
CATHARSIS
The audience connects with the characters.
The audience reflects upon the flaws, sins, and weaknesses presented onstage.
The audience experiences intense emotions such as pity, anger, or sadness.
The audience is renewed as justice is served and lessons are learned.

17. Chorus
a group of singers who add a periodic melody to a play

18. Chorus Aristotle’s chorus was truly a group of singers!
Shakespeare’s “chorus” is more like a poet who recites a summary of the play’s plot.
Chorus

19. Comic Relief
A light-hearted or comical scene in a tragedy that provides the audience with an emotional break or “relief” from the play’s intensity
Click the picture to see the porter (gate opener) in Macbeth. He’s supposed to open the gate when someone knocks!
Shakespeare used characters that provided comic relief for the audience.

20. Part Three: SHAKESPEARE’S
POETIC LANGUAGE
Shakespeare’s poetry has lasted over 400 years!
Did you know that there are over 1500 words possibly created by Shakespeare?

21. Renaissance Language Shakespeare’s Word Modern Meaning An, and If Anon
Many of the words used in Shakespeare’s time are no longer used. Other words are still in use but have different usage today. Note these words to help you understand the text.
Shakespeare’s Word
Modern Meaning
An, and If
Anon
Soon
Art
Are
Aye
Yes
But
Except for
Dost or doth
Does or Do
E’en
Even
E’re
Ever

22. Shakespeare’s Word
Modern Meaning
Haply
Perhaps
Happy
Fortunate
Hath
Has
Hence
Away from here
Hie
Hurry
Hither
Here
Ho (stop laughing!!)
Hey; a greeting
Mark
Pay attention to
Marry
Indeed
Pray/Prithee
A polite way to ask something; roughly please

23. Shakespeare’s Word
Modern Meaning
Sirrah
Sir; a term addressing inferiors
Thou
You (subject of sentence)
Thee
You (object of sentence)
Thine
Your
Thither
There
Thy
Whence
Where
Wherefore
Why
Wilt
Will, will you
Withal
In addition to
Would
Wish

24. The arrangement or order of words
Syntax
The arrangement or order of words
Let’s practice with modern words first. How would you arrange these words to make a correct sentence?
red was truck at missing key stop chain found the the
The missing red key chain was found at the truck stop.

25. Substitute the troubling words and adjust the syntax.
Study!
Substitute the troubling words and adjust the syntax.
Shakespeare’s words Modern Words Interpretation
O Romeo, Romeo! wherefore art thou Romeo?
---Romeo and Juliet
Oh Romeo, Romeo! Why are you Romeo?
Oh Romeo! Why do you have to be Romeo Montague? Why do you have to be who you are: my enemy?
Art thou afeard To be the same in thine own act and valor As thou art in desire?
----Macbeth
Are you afraid to be the same in your own actions and bravery as you are in desire?
Are you afraid to commit the actions that you desire to do in your thoughts?
I shall unfold to thee, as we are going to whom it must be done.
-----Julius Caesar
I will tell you, as we are going to whom it must be done.
I will reveal or tell you as we go along about the person this must happen to. Now is not the time to name that person.

26. Rewrite these lines by substituting words and changing the syntax.
Practice!
Rewrite these lines by substituting words and changing the syntax.
Hamlet, thou art slain; No medicine in the world can do thee good Hamlet
Look to the east—thither doth the sun arise.” Romeo and Juliet
Why, what a monstrous fellow art thou!
----King Lear
If e'er thou wast thyself and these woes thine, Thou and these woes were all for Rosaline.
-----Romeo and Juliet
Come to me again, And bring me word what he doth say to thee.
---Julius Caesar

27. Poetry Vs. Prose POETRY PROSE
Artistic writing that uses decorated language with an emphasis upon the writer’s creativity, style, and mastery of expression
everyday writing in a more straightforward way with an emphasis upon the standard rules of English grammar, usage, and punctuation
Structured creatively; often seen in stanzas or grouped lines according to rhyme or form
Structured in sentences and paragraphs
Usually the first word of each line is capitalized. (not always)
Usually the first letter of the sentence is capitalized. Other capitalization is based upon established rules of standard English.

28. Is the excerpt written in verse (poetry) or prose?
O well done! I commend your pains; And every one shall share i' the gains; And now about the cauldron sing, Live elves and fairies in a ring, from Macbeth
PROSE
I will bite my thumb at them, which is a disgrace to them, if they bare it!
From Romeo and Juliet
Is the excerpt written in verse (poetry) or prose?
PROSE
Horatio, when thou shalt have overlooked this, give these fellows some means to the king: they have letters for him. Ere we were two days old at sea, a pirate of very warlike appointment gave us chase. Finding ourselves too slow of sail, we put on a compelled valour, and in the grapple I boarded them: on the instant they got clear of our ship; so I alone became their prisoner. They have dealt with me like thieves of mercy: but they knew what they did; I am to do a good turn for them.
From Hamlet

29. Part Four: SHAKESPEARE’S WORD PLAY
Shakespeare combined words like an artist.
word play = the witty use of words that exploits the meanings and feelings attached to those words

30. Paradox “A rich man is no richer than a poor man.” “I am nobody.”
a contradictory statement that contains a truth; a statement that presents opposite ideas, even though both ideas are somewhat truthful
“A rich man is no richer than a poor man.”
EXPLANATION: A rich man has more “stuff” than a poor man. How can a rich man be “no richer” than a poor man? Hmmm….Maybe he’s “no richer” because he still has the same problems with family, health, or temptation. We are all equal as humans.
“I am nobody.”
EXPLANATION: This statement begins with “I am.” If I am, then I DO exist! How can I be “nobody,” a person who does not exist? Hmmm…..Maybe I mean that even though I DO exist, I do not feel important. No one else seems to notice me. Other people make me feel like “nobody.” 

31. Can you explain these examples of Shakespeare’s use of paradox?
1. Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.
First Witch: (You will be) Lesser than Macbeth, and
greater.
3. First Witch: When shall we three meet again?
Second Witch: When the battle’s lost and won.
From Macbeth

32. Metaphor
A comparison of two unlike things in which something is said to be another because of shared characteristics.
Can you figure out what is being compared in these metaphors?
But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. From Romeo and Juliet
Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more from Macbeth

33. Pun
a play on words that uses words with similar sounds or similar meanings to make a point
I'd tell you a chemistry joke, but I know I wouldn't get a reaction.
Now that’s punny!
EXPLANATION: In chemistry, the chemicals react to one another; when telling jokes, one expects the audience to respond or ‘react’ to the punch line.
I can't believe I got fired from the calendar factory. All I did was take a day off.
EXPLANATION: “take a day off” refers to both removing a day from the calendar and not going to work

34. Do you understand this pun?

35. Shakespeare’s Puns
A play on words that uses words with similar sounds or similar meanings to make a point
Can you explain the pun?
Romeo:
I dreamed a dream tonight.
Mercutio:
And so did I.
Well, what was yours?
That dreamers often lie.
From Romeo and Juliet
Which word used by Mercutio has more than one meaning?
The word is LIE! Mercutio says that dreamers lie because people lie down to sleep (and dream). He also suggests that dreamers lie, which means Romeo is not telling the truth.

36. Part Five: IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
Outstanding writers use devices to create a world.
Shakespeare used these elements effectively.
You will find many of them present in all classic forms of literature.

37. An unchangeable power that controls events of our lives
Fate
An unchangeable power that controls events of our lives
It is the stars, The stars above us, govern our conditions. (King Lear, ), Kent
I fear too early, for my mind misgives Some consequence, yet hanging in the stars Shall bitterly begin his fearful date With this night's revels, and expire the term Of a dispised life, clos'd in my breast, By some vile forfeit of untimely death. But he that hath the steerage of my course Direct my sail. (Romeo and Juliet, ), Romeo
In general, Shakespeare’s society had the following beliefs about fate:
Many events in life are just bound to happen; there’s nothing people can do about them. (Think in terms of having good luck or bad luck.)
Superstition, astrology, zodiacs, and the stars were very powerful influences.

38. Character Foil opposites
characters who differ from each other in order to highlight the contrast between the two
Shakespeare used foils to point out certain traits of the main character.
The foil is there to make the main character “stand out.”
The foil sometimes does not live to the end of the tragedy.
opposites

39. Character Foil

40. Pathetic Fallacy
disruption of the entire chain of being caused by the main character’s sin. Follow the link above and take notes.
Shakespeare used pathetic fallacy to show that one man’s wrong deeds affect everything that is living or even the weather.
Notice that when evil occurs in Shakespeare’s tragedies, weather is terrible, animals behave strangely, plants die, etc.

41. Pathetic Fallacy
Read what these animals do because of the deed Macbeth has done!

42. The contrast between expectation and reality
Irony
The contrast between expectation and reality
DRAMATIC IRONY
When the audience already knows information that a character does not know
SITUATIONAL IRONY
When one situation happens even though another scenario is expected
VERBAL IRONY
When a character says one thing but really means something else

43. The contrast between expectation and reality
Irony
The contrast between expectation and reality
Duncan: Give me your hand;
Conduct me to mine host:
We love him highly and
Shall continue our graces toward him.
From Macbeth
Which irony is displayed here? Why?

44. Plot Introduces the setting, characters and situation.
The sequence of events in a literary work
Exposition - The plot usually begins with this:
Introduces the setting, characters and situation.

45. Conflict The struggle that develops man vs. man man vs. himself
man vs. society
man vs. nature

46. Climax
The turning point of the story - everything begins to unravel from here
Typically the point at the which the outcome is no longer in doubt
Thus begins the falling action

47. Resolution AKA Denouement
The end of the central conflict
Explains how all the events finally play out.
In drama, the last act

48. Theme Central idea Insight about life which explains the downfall
Macbeth - Unchecked ambition can lead to corruption

49. Other Dramatic Elements The actual script contains several parts
Dramatis Personae —Latin, “dramatic persons” or simply put, the cast of characters
Extras —persons in the cast who have few/no speaking parts.
Acts —the major divisions of the play, usually Each may be set in a different “place”.
The castle
The battlefield
Scenes —the parts into which each act is divided. Likewise, may be in different ’places’

50. THE END

51. Works Cited
The previous information is incorporated and adapted from a Powerpoint presentation byTara Armstead (much of slides 1-43, rights purchased through Teachers Pay Teachers) as well as the following:
Centrelli, Kelly. "Thou, Thee, Thy, Thine & Ye: Shakespearean English."
unEnlightened Academy. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Mar
<
shakespearean-english>
Hylton, Jeremy. "Macbeth." The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. MIT,
n.d. Web. 27 Mar <
"Ian McDiarmid as Porter in Macbeth (1978)." YouTube. YouTube, 27 Apr
Web. 29 Mar <
Mabillard, Amanda. "Characteristics of Elizabethan Drama." Shakespeare Online.
Metheun and Company, n.d. Web. 29 Mar
<
McManus, Barbara. "Outline of Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy." Outline of
Aristotle's Theory of Tragedy. The College of New Rochelle, 5 Nov
Web. 27 Mar
<