1. Understanding Money Demand

2. Money can be anything that satisfies: Store of Value Unit of account Medium of exchange Lots of things satisfy these properties

3. Standard Definitions of Money Monetary Base (M0): Direct liabilities of the central bank Monetary Base (M0): Direct liabilities of the central bank Currency in circulation + Bank Reserves Currency in circulation + Bank Reserves M1: M1: Currency in circulation + Traveler's Checks + Checking accounts Currency in circulation + Traveler's Checks + Checking accounts M2: M2: M1 + Savings accounts + Money Market Accounts + Small Time Deposits M1 + Savings accounts + Money Market Accounts + Small Time Deposits M3: M3: M2 + Large Time Deposits + Eurodollars M2 + Large Time Deposits + Eurodollars

4. Think of this as a portfolio allocation problem. You have a fixed amount of income and you are allocating it over several assets. Less Liquid Higher Return More Liquid Lower Return $5,000/month Cash $400 Checking Account $2,000 Savings Account $600 Stock/Bonds $2,000 M1M2

5. Suppose you plan on spending $120 over the upcoming month. You can withdraw the $120 from your savings account immediately, or you can make several trips to the ATM. Suppose you plan on spending $120 over the upcoming month. You can withdraw the $120 from your savings account immediately, or you can make several trips to the ATM. M1 Money Demand

6. ATM Withdrawals Cash Balance Hits Zero Suppose you go to the bank three times per month (every 10 days)

7. More generally, you make plan on Spending dollars per month. If you make trips to the ATM More generally, you make plan on Spending PY dollars per month. If you make N trips to the ATM

8. Average Cash Balances = 0 + PY N 2 Real Money Demand = M P = Y 2N = Money Demand

9. There are two costs associated with money: There are two costs associated with money: If you make very few trips to the bank (N is small), you will need to withdraw more cash – having more cash entails more lost interest If you make a lot of trips to the bank, you will withdraw less each time (less interest cost), but you will pay more in transaction costs Choosing N

10. Take the derivative with respect to N Solve for N

11. M1 Money Demand As the interest rate goes up, you hold less cash. Therefore, you make more trips to the bank As ATM fees rise, you make less trips to the bank, but withdraw more each time This is the optimal behavior (i.e. trips to the ATM per month)

12. M1 Money Demand Real Money Demand Real Income Nominal Interest Rate Transaction Costs

13. Generally Speaking…. Real Money Demand Real Income (+) Nominal Interest Rate (-) Transactions Costs (Cost of obtaining money) (+) is a function of…

14. Cambridge Money Demand A common form of money demand can be written as follows: Money demand is equal to a fraction (k is between zero and one) of real income. That fraction depends on interest rates (-) and transaction costs

15. The Quantity Theory of Money MV = Py Nominal Income Velocity – Measures the number of times a dollar changes hands Money Supply For example, if PY = $100 (there are $100 worth of goods and services to buy) and M = $50 (there are $50 worth of cash available), the V = 2 (each dollar changes hands twice)

16. The Quantity Theory of Money and Cambridge Money Demand When money demand drops (either interest rates rise or transaction costs fall), individuals do not want to hold onto as much money as before. To get rid of it, they pass it on to someone else – velocity increases.

17. Trend Money Demand Rises from 1980 - 1993 M1 Money Demand falls dramatically starting in 1995 In 1995, we saw a dramatic change in household portfolio decisions…why?

18. Is interest rates rose, households switched out of checking accounts and into savings accounts….technology (online banking, ATMs, etc. made this transition easier) Rising Demand for M2 Falling demand for M2

19. M2 Money Demand Recall that M2 includes everything in M1 (cash + checking accounts) plus savings accounts. Therefore, any model of M2 demand would need to explain why households hold savings/checking accounts rather than less liquid assets such as T-Bills Recall that M2 includes everything in M1 (cash + checking accounts) plus savings accounts. Therefore, any model of M2 demand would need to explain why households hold savings/checking accounts rather than less liquid assets such as T-Bills

20. M2 Money Demand Any M2 money demand should have the same characteristics as the previously derived M1 demand Any M2 money demand should have the same characteristics as the previously derived M1 demand Positively related to income/consumption Positively related to income/consumption Negatively related to interest rates Negatively related to interest rates

21. M2 Money Demand Positively related to consumption Negatively related to interest rates