1. Translation
1. Translation
1a. In translation, the instructions encoded in the mRNA are read to join together amino acids.

2. Translation 1b. Amino acid chains are assembled on ribosomes.
1c. They are assembled using the instructions
carried on the mRNA to form proteins.

3. Translation
1. Translation
1d. A ribosome is like an assembly line, slowly advancing an mRNA strand and using it as a blueprint to build a protein.

4. Translation
1. Translation
1e. mRNA is read in sets of 3 bases at a time called codons.
GUC is a single codon
GUC AUU are two codons

5. Translation
1. Translation
1f. At the ribosome another type of RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), reads the mRNA and brings the appropriate amino acid to the ribosome where the protein is built amino acid by amino acid.

6. Translation 1g. How does tRNA know which amino acid to bring?
Each tRNA molecule contains 3 unpaired bases, called anticodons, that complement the sequence on the mRNA molecule.

7. Translation 1h. Example:
If the mRNA reads UAC only tRNA molecules with the anitocodon AUG will be able to drop off its amino acid.
tRNA molecules with the anticodon AUG always carry the amino acid methionine.

8. Translation
1. Translation
1i. This goes on and on like an assembly line until the entire mRNA molecule has been read and the protein is complete.

9. Summary of Gene Expression
How do we get from DNA to protein?
DNA mRNA (codons) tRNA (aniticodons)  amino acid  protein