1. Warm-up
How are the three main types of rock (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock) formed?

2. 1. List the rock layers from oldest to youngest

3. Unit 1 Test
40 multiple choice questions, 1 honor’s short answer question
Chapters 5, 6, and 21
Types of rocks and how they are formed
The Rock Cycle
Geologic Time (Relative and Absolute Dating)
Review of topics from unit 0

5. Types of Rocks
Igneous– form from solidification of molten (liquid) rock material.
Sedimentary– form from compaction and cementation of sediments
Metamorphic– form from recrystallization of existing rock material. 5

6. Igneous Rocks
Extrusive Igneous - rocks formed from cooled lava. Fine-grained, cooled quickly on the Earth’s surface.
Obsidian
Intrusive Igneous-rocks formed from cooled magma. Coarse-grained, cooled slowly beneath Earth’s surface.
Granite

7. Coarse texture Glassy Texture
Texture- the “feel” of a rock due to the grain size, shape, and arrangement of mineral crystals or sediments in a rock
Coarse texture
Glassy Texture

8. Grain Size
Fine grained – individual mineral grains are too small to be seen without a microscope.
Coarse grained – can see individual grains.

9. How is Sedimentary Rock Formed?
Sedimentary Rocks
How is Sedimentary Rock Formed?
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Burial
Lithification – sediments compact under pressure and gradually become solid rock

10. 3 Main Classes of Sedimentary Rocks
Clastic – formed from clastic sediments
Chemical – formed from minerals precipitated from water
Organic – formed from the remains of once-living things

11. Clastic Sedimentary Conglomerate
sedimentary rocks formed from layers
Clast refers to a fragment of rock that was broken from a larger rock
Clastic rocks are composed of these clasts.
Conglomerate

12. Chemical Sedimentary- sedimentary rocks formed from mineral pools after water has evaporated
Halite
Hematite

13. Organic Sedimentary- sedimentary rocks formed from the remains of once- living things.
Coal

14. Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphism
High temperature and pressure without melting. Changes form while remaining solid.
Earth’s internal heat => high temperature
Weight of overlying rock => high pressure
Compressive forces => high pressure

15. Metamorphic Rocks
Foliated Metamorphic- metamorphic rock with folds or bands
Nonfoliated Metamorphic- metamorphic rock without folds or bands

16. Contact Metamorphism- metamorphism from contact with magma
Regional Metamorphism- metamorphism from pressure of the Earth’s Crust

17. Create a Flow Chart using the following terms:
Crystallization (cooling and hardening)
Igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary rocks
Sediments
Melting
Heat/Pressure (2 times)
Weathering/Erosion
Deposition/Compaction/Cementation
Uplift (3 times)
Magma

18. Sediments
Weathering/Erosion
Deposition Compaction Cementation
Uplift
Uplift
Uplift
Igneous Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
Crystallization
Heat/Pressure
Magma
Heat/Pressure
Melting
Metamorphic Rocks

19. Dating of Rocks
Dinosaur national monument

20. Age
Relative age: establishes order from youngest to oldest, but does not give exact time frames
Absolute age: establishes the date of an event
First, a couple of terms about age. What is relative age? It is establishing the order from youngest to oldest, but without giving exact time frames. You were born and are now listening to this video. How long apart were these events?
[advance] absoluate age establishes the date of an event, within the limits of the technology used at least.

21. Relative Dating By application of a set of geological “rules”
Uniformitarianism
Superposition
Original Horizontality
Cross-cutting Relationships
Inclusions
We apply these principles to determine the relative age of the layers of a sedimentary rock formation.

22. Uniformitarianism
Uniformitarianism: the processes we can observe today are the same processes that happened millions or billions of years ago
Waves crashing against the shore
Wind blowing sand eroding stone

23. Superposition
For an undisturbed rock sequence, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and each successive layer is younger than the layer beneath

24. Original Horizontality
Original horizontality: sedimentary rocks are deposited in nearly horizontal or horizontal layers(just like your laundry)
The principle of original horizonality points out that sedimentary layers are, more or less, horizontal when they form. By the time we see them, they may no longer be horizontal – perhaps do to an earthquake or two, but when they formed, at least, they were flat.
Of course, it may no longer be flat!

25. Cross-cutting Relationships
Cross-cutting relationships: an intrusion or fault is younger than the rock it cuts through
You have to bake the cake before you can cut through it, right?

26. Cross-Cutting Relationships
Which is older? Which is younger? Why?

27. Absolute Dating
Radioactive decay- the process in which a radioactive isotope breaks down into a stable isotope of a different atom
Radiometric dating- a method of determining age by estimating percentages of a radioactive (parent) isotope and a stable (daughter) isotope
Half-life- the time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to decay

28. Don’t Forget!!!!!
You are responsible for all information that we have covered this year.
You should be prepared to answer questions from the last unit as well.
Review the test review powerpoint from unit 0 on the assignments/homework page.

29. Main Topics from Unit 0 Scientific Method/Nature of Science
Branches of Earth Science
Units and Measurement
Latitude and Longitude
Time Zones
Maps and Topographic Maps

30. Units and Measurement
Understand length, area, volume, mass, density, temperature
Know the SI units for each
Unit conversions (1kg = ?mg)
Know the ladder!!!!! (and how to use the ladder method)

31. Units and Measurement
Know the ladder and how to use it!

32. Maps/Topographic Maps
Interpret a legend
Interpret a topographic map
Components of a map (what things that every map must have?)
Contour lines, contour intervals, index contours, hachures