1. Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Chapter 5 Total Station Operations

2. Total Station Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

3. Total Station Components Electronic angle measurement
Electronic distance measurement (EDM)
On-board or interfaced digital storage
Electronic monitoring of instrument status and operation, and control of program applications
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

4. Total Station Field Operations
Point location
Missing line measurement
Resection
Azimuth
Remote object elevation
Offset measurements
Layout, or setting out
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

5. Total Station Field Techniques
all sighted or tied-in stations related to the instrument station and at least one reference station are defined by their X (easting – E), Y (northing – N), and Z (elevation – Z) coordinates
typical total station field operations include:
point location: recording the coordinates of any sighted point in the following format: N. E. Z. or E. N. Z.
missing line measurement: determining the horizontal and slope distances between any two sighted points, along with the direction of the lines joining these points
resection: determining the coordinates and elevation of the instrument at a free station (any convenient position) by sighting previously coordinated reference stations
azimuth: after entering the coordinates of the instrument station and a BS reference station into the instrument processor, the azimuth of a line joining any sighted points can be displayed and recorded
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

6. Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

7. Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

8. Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

9. Total Station Field Techniques
remote object elevation: determining the heights of inaccessible points, such as electrical conductors or bridge components, by sighting the pole-mounted prism while it is held directly under the object, entering the prism height, and then sighting the object itself
offset measurements:
distance offset measurements: measuring the distance of an object that is hidden from the total station by taking a measurement to the prism held in view of the total station and then measuring the offset distance and angle between the object and the prism, which is used by the total station to compute the position of the hidden object
angle offset measurements: when locating the center of a solid object, such as a tree or concrete column, its position can be determined by turning angles from each side to the centerpoint
layout, or setting out: once the station numbers, coordinates and elevations of the layout points are uploaded into the total station, any layout point can be easily located on the field by placing the prism according to the instrument’s display
Area computation: computation of an area enclosed by a series of measured points by computing the coordinates of those points using the coordinates of the instrument station and a reference control point
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

10. Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

11. Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

12. Survey Station Descriptors
Each survey station, or shot location (point) must be described with respect to:
surveying activity, such as BS, IS, FS, etc.
station identification
descriptive attribute data
Total stations usually prompt for data entry and then automatically assign appropriate labels, which will then show up on the survey printout.
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

13. Field-Generated Graphics
To help prepare for computer graphics of the survey, field-generated graphics are used to properly depict features in the survey by joining line points, as seen in the coded graphics below:
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

14. Construction Layout using Total Stations
Although total stations are particularly well suited for collecting data in topographic surveys, they can also be used for any type of preliminary survey, control survey or even layout survey
In order to layout a construction project the following steps are taken:
topographic detail is collected using total stations at various control points (preliminary survey)
these are converted into Y, X and Z coordinates
various programs are used to design the project
the proposed Y, X and Z coordinates for all key horizontal and vertical (elevation) features are computed
the coordinates of all control stations, all topographic details, and all design component points saved in the computer files
control point and layout point coordinates are uploaded into the total station
the instrument is set to layout mode and an identified control point is set up
then a layout point is selected and using the layout angle or azimuth and layout distance, the prism is placed at that layout point
some total stations or theodolites come equipped with an electronic guide light to help align the prism-holder; this is very useful in layout surveys since prism-holders can quickly place themselves by noting the colored lights
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

15. Total Station Guide Light
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

16. Motorized Total Stations
Motorized instruments are designed to:
search automatically for prism targets and lock onto them precisely, known as automatic target Recognition(ATR)
To turn angles automatically to designated points using the uploaded coordinates of those points
to double angles by automatically double-centering
When combined with a remote controller held by the prism surveyor, these instruments can help reduce the number of field personnel needed
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh

17. Motorized Total Station (Rover)
Surveying With Construction Applications, 7th Edition
Barry F. Kavanagh