1. Fertilization and Development
Reproductive System
Fertilization and Development

2. Fertilization
If an egg is to become fertilized, sperm must be present in the female reproductive tract.
During sexual intercourse, sperm are released when semen is ejaculated through the penis into the vagina, a point just below the cervix.
300 million sperm are released in about 4 ml of sperm.
Sperm swim actively through the uterus into the Fallopian tubes.

3. Fertilization
The egg is surrounded by a protective layer that contains binding sites to which sperm can attach.
When a sperm attaches to a binding site, a sac in the sperm head releases powerful enzymes that break down the protective layer of the egg.
The sperm nucleus then enters the egg, and chromosomes from the sperm and egg are brought together.
The process of a sperm joining and egg is called fertilization.
The fertilized egg is called a zygote.

5. Fertilization
What prevents more than one sperm from fertilizing an egg?
Egg cell contains a series of granules just beneath its outer surface.
When a single sperm enters the egg, the egg reacts by releasing the contents of these granules outside the cell.
The material in the granules coats the surface of the egg, forming a barrier that prevents other sperm from attaching to an entering the egg.
Early in the 20th Century, cell biologist Ernest Everett found the answer.

6. Early Development
While still in the Fallopian tube, the zygote begins to undergo mitosis.

7. Early Development
Four days after fertilization, the embryo is a solid ball of about 64 cells called a morula.
The stages of early development include implantation, gastrulation, and neurulation.

8. Implantation
As the morula grows, a cavity forms in the center transforming the morula into a hollow structure with an inner cavity called a blastocyst.
About 6-7 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches itself to the wall of the uterus.
The embryo secretes enzymes that digest a path into the soft tissue in a process called implantation.

9. Implantation
At this point, cells in the blastocysts begin to specialize as a result of the activation of genes in a process called differentiation.
Differentiation is responsible for the development of the various types of tissue in the body.
An inner cell mass develops within the inner cavity of the blastocyst from a which the embryo will develop.

10. Gastrulation The blastocyst gradually sorts itself into three layers.
The final layer is produced by a process of cell migration known as gastrulation.

11. Gastrulation As a result of gastrulation three layers are formed:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
Referred to as the primary germ layers because all the organs and tissues of the embryo will be formed from them.
Ectoderm will develop into the skin and the nervous system.
Endoderm forms the lining of the digestive system and many of the digestive organs.
Mesoderm cells differentiate to form many of the body’s internal tissues and organs.

12. Neurulation Neurulation is the development of the nervous system.
A block of mesodermal tissue differentiates into a notochord.
Ectoderm near the notochord thickens and forms the neural plate.
The raise edges of the neural plate forms the neural folds.

13. Neurulation Neurulation is the development of the nervous system.
Gradually, these folds move together to create a neural tube.
One end of the neural tube will develop into the brain, the other end develops into the spinal cord.
Cells of the neural crest migrate to other locations and develop into nerves.

14. Extraembryonic Membranes
As the embryo develops, membranes form to protect and nourish the embryo.
The amnion develops into a fluid-filled amniotic sac, which cushions and protects the developing embryo within the uterus.

15. Extraembryonic Membranes
The chorion, the outermost of the extraembryonic membranes forms by the end of the 3rd week.
Small, fingerlike projections called chorionic villi form on the outer surface of the chorion and extend into the uterine wall.

16. Placenta The chorionic villi and the uterine lining form the placenta.
The placenta is the connection between mother and developing embryo.
The placenta is the embryo’s organ of respiration, nourishment, and excretion.
Embryo gets oxygen and nutrients.
Embryo excretes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes.
Placenta
Blood do not mix. Placenta allows the embryo to make use of the mother’s organ system while its own are developing.

17. Placenta Previa
Condition where the placenta lies low in the uterus and partially or completely covers the cervix.
Affects about 1 in 200 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy.
Most common symptom is painless bleeding during the third trimester.
Premature contractions
Baby is breech, or in transverse position
Uterus measures larger than it should according to gestational age.

18. Placenta Abruptio Separation of the placenta from the uterine lining.
Usually occurs in the 3rd trimester, but can occur any time after the 20th week of pregnancy.
Only about 1% of all pregnant women will experience placental abruption
Most can be successfully treated depending on what type of separation occurs.

19. Why is Early Development so Important?
Early development can be disrupted by a number of external factors.
Many substances can penetrate the placenta.
AIDS and German measles.
Alcohol and other addictive substances.
Medications.

20. Later Development
During the second trimester, the tissues of the fetus become more complex and specialized, and begin to function.
The fetal heart becomes large enough so that it can be heard with a stethoscope.
Bone continues to replace the cartilage that forms the early skeleton.
A layer of soft hair grows over the fetus’s skin.

21. Later Development
During the third and last trimester, the organ systems mature.
Fetus grows in size and mass.
Lungs and other organs undergo a series of changes to prepare them for life outside the uterus.
Regulates its body temperature.
CNS and lungs complete their development.

22. Childbirth
Oxytocin is released from the mother’s posterior pituitary gland.
Oxytocin affect a group of large involuntary muscles in the uterine wall.
These muscles begin a series of rhythmic contractions known as labor.

23. Childbirth
These contractions expand the cervix until it is large enough for the head of the baby to pass through it.
Once the amniotic sac breaks, contractions of the uterus force the baby out.
In a final series of contractions, the placenta itself and the empty amniotic sac are expelled from the uterus as the afterbirth.

24. Caesarean Section
Operation in which a baby is removed from a mother’s body through incisions in her abdominal wall and uterus.
Name came from a Roman law, under Julius Caesar, that required all women dying in childbirth to undergo the procedure in order to save he offspring.