1. Public Goods SLO- Describe, explain and analyse as appropriate;
• Public and Private Goods
• Collective goods and the Market
• Collective provision of Public Goods

2. Do now. Discuss the following questions with the person beside you
What would NZ be like without a police force?
How would people protect themselves and their property?
How would those who couldn’t afford to pay for protection survive?
How do you prevent people who haven’t paid benefiting?

3. Types of Economic Goods
Private Goods
Mixed Goods
Public Goods

4. Types of Economic Goods Private Goods
Rival
Depletable
Excludable by price
Clear price signals
No significant externalities
Social equilibrium = Market equilibrium
Allocative efficient situation

5. Mixed Goods Have externalities Market equilibrium ≠Social Equilibrium
Market Failure

6. The nature of Public Goods
Non-rival
One persons consumption of the good does not reduce its availability to others.
Non-excludable by price
Once the good has been provided it is not possible to prevent others from using it even if they haven't paid to use it.
Non depletable
No clear price signals.
Often provided by government

7. Public Goods and free-rider Behaviour -notes
A free rider is a person who consumes a good without paying for it. (People who use a public good without contributing for its payment)
Public goods result in free rider behaviour because they are non-excludable by price.
What does this mean??
If you were a producer of street lamps
how would this behaviour affect you?

8. Public Goods
Consumers know they can use a public good without paying for it, so producers in the private sector will be unable and unwilling to produce these goods.
As it is not possible for them to make a profit.

9. How are public goods produced then? notes
In many cases for a public good to be available at all the government will need to provide them.
How does the government pay for these goods?
The government will charge
people collectively through
the tax system

10. Collective goods - notes
These public goods funded in this way are classified as collective goods.
Collective goods – goods that are provided free of charge and are paid for collectively through the tax system
Example, public footpaths, street lights paid from rates

11. What about Roads?
Some people claim that roads are a public good. But some could are they are not.
Thank about this, then discuss with your neighbor.

12. Roads
Non rival- one person using the road does not stop others from using it, until congestion sets in.
Non excluable- Once the road is built it is generally not possible to prevent others from using the road.
Because of this free rider behaviour the govt usually provides roads free of charge. Most roads are paid for through tax.

13. But…. Private vehicle owners pay… Registration fee Road user charges
Tax on petrol
What about road tolls?
There is a possibility with technology that in the future roads will be provided by the private sector or though public private partnerships.

14. User Pays
Consumer have to pay to use a good or service, such as paying a toll to use a road.

15. PUBLIC GOODS MODEL -notes
Once a good has been provided for it costs no more for another person to use it therefore MC=0
Al locative efficiency is where MC=MB
PUBLIC GOODS MODEL -notes
Charging a fee on a bridge. $
capacity
The model shows that charging a fee for the public good, in this case, results in a loss of welfare not gained by another party.
We can conclude it is more efficient to build a bridge from taxes and not charge for it. MB
Fee $2
Total benefit less total cost Q
Loss of welfare (CS)
Total benefit
Total cost

16. Public goods and the media
A lot of media broadcasting is non-rival and non excludable.
Some broadcasters work towards privatising the positive externality
Sky TV - scrambles the signal to prevent potential free riders.

17. Other types of goods Excludable Non-excludable Rival Private goods
e.g. food, clothing
Common pool resources
e.g. fisheries
Non rival
Club goods
e.g. Sky TV
Public Goods
e.g. lighthouse

18. Allocation of Public goods
Weak and non existent price signals means that market allocation is not possible.
How do you think we choose which public goods are to be provided?
The political system! And voters
The socially optimal output of public goods is where MSB=MSC, or where TSB-TSC is at a max

19. Public GOODS ALLOCATION
TSB-TSC maximum
MSB=MSC
TSB $ $
MSC
TSC
MSB Q Q

20. What determines the mix of public goods?
Society also needs to determine the best mix of public goods.
Roading, defence, health care, and education.
There will be a trade off involved. Due to scarcity.
We cannot have everything in the quantities we want due to insufficient resources.
If more healthcare is provided there might be less education.
Healthcare
Education

21. Exercises page