1. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Cognitive Psychology
Chapter 3:
Perception and Pattern Recognition

2. Outline Perception Study Question.
5/4/2019
Outline
Perception
Vision
Preattentive organization
Extracting visual information
Visual sensory memory
• Visual Masking
Audition
Auditory sensory memory
Study Question.
• Define visual sensory memory. How did Sperling empirically distinguish between a capacity and a duration hypothesis.

3. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Pitting the gestalt against sensation

4. Perception The Gestalt Approach
Illusions deriving from top-down processing

5. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Principals of grouping
Proximity

6. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Principals of grouping
Similarity

7. Perception The Gestalt Approach Principals of grouping Closure
Common Movement
The hidden Bird

8. Perception The Gestalt Approach Figure and ground
We divide a visual scene into figure (the object to which we attend) and ground (background).

9. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Figure and ground

10. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Figure and ground

11. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Figure and ground

12. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Figure and ground
M. C. Escher

13. Perception
The Gestalt Approach
Figure and ground
M. C. Escher

14. Shigeo Fukuda

15. Perception Extracting visual information
Saccades - eye movements, which occur in a jerking, start-stop fashion.
150,000 times a day

16. Perception Visual sensory memory Visible persistence
Selection from brief displays

17. H L B M Q Y X S E T W R

18. F Z N Q W U C D R Y E T

19. G X M W E I V F T U R Y

21. Perception Visual sensory memory Visible persistence
George Sperling (b. 1914)
Visual sensory memory
Visible persistence
Selection from brief displays
Original findings
Observers remember 4 or 5 items (span of apprehension)
Sperling’s question: Where is the limitation?
Capacity hypothesis: The visual system only registers 4 or 5 items
Duration hypotheis: All the letters get registered but fade rapidly
The partial report procedure
E.g., Standing’s experiment

22. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Sperling’s results
Cue Delay (Seconds)
Full
Report
.15
.30
1.0 2 4 6 8 10
Estimated # letters available

23. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Visual Masking
Averbach and Coriell (1961)
Two types of cues: Bar markers and circles
Partial report of 1 item.

24. J V W R T P N H Y Q M X S O K I

25. J V W R T P N H Y Q M X S O K I

26. J V W R T P N H Y Q M X S O K I

27. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Averbach and Coriell (1961)
Cue Delay (ms)
100
200
300 20 40 60 80
Percentage Correct
-100
400
500
Bar probe
Circle probe

28. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Visual Masking
Three types of visual masking
Integration masking
Pattern Masks - a pattern that when superimposed over the target stimulus, obscures it identity.

29. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Visual Masking
Three types of visual masking
Metacontrast masking - A form of visual masking in which there is no overlap between the contours of the target and the mask.
-> Backwards Masking

30. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Visual Masking
Three types of visual masking
Masking by object substitution - Masking that occurs for stimuli that do not lead to metacontrast masking inside the fovea, but cause masking outside the fovea by replacing the target

31. Perception and Pattern Recognition
Visual sensory memory
Is selection from VSM precategorical?
Merikle (1980)
Demo

32. H 6 B M 8 Y X S E 7 W 9

33. Perception Visual sensory memory A R 8 T G 3 6 5
Is selection from VSM precategorical?
Merikle (1980) A R 8 T G 3 6 5
Correlated physical dimension
Present
Absent

34. Perception Visual sensory memory Literal representation
Template matching
Other issues
Ecological Validity
First 50 ms of fixation

35. Perception
Physiology of hearing

36. Perception Auditory Sensory Memory
Darwin et al.’s partial report experiment 1 B 4 6 8 C
S 2 7

37. Perception Auditory Sensory Memory
Darwin et al.’s partial report experiment