1. Tuesday, August 19th and Wednesday, August 20th: Day 2 10th Literature and Composition
Standards: 2 & 3
Turn in Course Expectations, supplies, and vision boards.
Review Last Class: The History of the Short Story and Plot
Journal 1
Character – Notes
Read “The Monkey’s Paw”.
Learning Styles Activity

2. Review from last class The History of the short story and plot
What two author’s did we discuss that had a major impact on the short story?
What are Poe’s essential characteristics of the short story?
What is the equation on the short story?
What is artistic unity according to Poe?
Who can draw a plot diagram with all the elements on the board?

3. Journal 1: If your life were a short story, what would the title be, and what would your plot diagram look like? (Min. 5 sentences)

4. Order and Sequence of plot
FLASHBACK: A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events--usually in the form of a character's memories, dreams, narration, or even authorial commentary.
Flashback allows an author to fill in the reader about a place or a character, or it can be used to delay important details until just before a dramatic moment.
FORESHADOWING: Suggesting, hinting, indicating, or showing what will occur later in a narrative. Foreshadowing often provides hints about what will happen next.
IN MEDIAS RES (Latin: "In the middle[s] of things"): The classical tradition of opening an epic not in the chronological point at which the sequence of events would start, but rather at the midway point of the story. Later on in the narrative, the hero will recount verbally to others what events took place earlier. Usually in medias res is a technique used to heighten dramatic tension or to create a sense of mystery.

5. Conflict
The easiest method to arrive at a theme statement for a work of literature is to look at the conflict in it. Conflict is fairly straightforward in a short story, but complex in a novel. Basically, it deals with a central figure or protagonist who is attempting to reach a goal. This central figure meets opposition from the antagonist, which may be a person, a group of people, the forces of nature, or even him or herself. The three main types of conflict are: • Character versus nature • Character versus character(s) • Character versus self
Because a novel is much longer and more complex than a short story, it contains more characters and deals with a relatively great number of events or situations. Thus, there are likely to be several conflicts in a novel.
Each time a conflict occurs, that incident is called a crisis; the plot is a sequence of crises, leading to a major crisis when the protagonist either overcomes the antagonist, or is defeated.
The series of intensifying crises is called the rising action; the final crisis is called the climax. Usually the climax comes near the end of the story, although it may be earlier and be followed by a sequence of diminishing crises called the falling action.
The conflict between the protagonist and the antagonist leads the reader to the theme. This is especially true as the story approaches and reaches the climax.
To generate valid theme statements, trace the rising action as the conflict intensifies and from the events at the climax decide how the story connects to the theme key words supplied earlier.

6. Character
"What does characterization do for a story? In a nutshell, it allows us to empathize with the protagonist and secondary characters, and thus feel that what is happening to these people in the story is vicariously happening to us; and it also gives us a sense of verisimilitude, or the semblance of living reality. An important part of characterization is dialogue, for it is both spoken and inward dialogue that afford us the opportunity to see into the characters' hearts and examine their motivations. In the best of stories, it is actually characterization that moves the story along, because a compelling character in a difficult situation creates his or her own plot."

Karen Bernardo, Characterization in Literature

7. Types of Characters in Literature
1. Major or central characters are vital to the development and resolution of the conflict. In other words, the plot and resolution of conflict revolves around these characters.
2. Minor characters serve to complement the major characters and help move the plot events forward.
3. Dynamic - A dynamic character is a person who changes over time, usually as a result of resolving a central conflict or facing a major crisis. Most dynamic characters tend to be central rather than peripheral characters, because resolving the conflict is the major role of central characters.
4. Static - A static character is someone who does not change over time; his or her personality does not transform or evolve.
In fictional literature, authors use many different types of characters to tell their stories. Different types of characters fulfill different roles in the narrative process, and with a little bit of analysis, you can usually detect some or all of the types below.

8. Types of Characters in Literature continued
5. Round - A rounded character is anyone who has a complex personality; he or she is often portrayed as a conflicted and contradictory person.
6. Flat - A flat character is the opposite of a round character. This literary personality is notable for one kind of personality trait or characteristic.

9. 7. Stock - Stock characters are those types of characters who have become conventional or stereotypical through repeated use in particular types of stories. Stock characters are instantly recognizable to readers or audience members (e.g. the femme fatale, the cynical but moral private eye, the mad scientist, the geeky boy with glasses, and the faithful sidekick). Stock characters are normally one-dimensional flat characters, but sometimes stock personalities are deeply conflicted, rounded characters (e.g. the "Hamlet" type).
8. Protagonist - The protagonist is the central person in a story, and is often referred to as the story's main character. He or she (or they) is faced with a conflict that must be resolved. The protagonist may not always be admirable (e.g. an anti-hero); nevertheless s/he must command involvement on the part of the reader, or better yet, empathy.

10. Types of Characters in Literature continued
9. Antagonist - The antagonist is the character(s) (or situation) that represents the opposition against which the protagonist must contend. In other words, the antagonist is an obstacle that the protagonist must overcome. 10. Anti-Hero - A major character, usually the protagonist, who lacks conventional nobility of mind, and who struggles for values not deemed universally admirable. Duddy, in Mordecai Richler's The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, is a classic anti-hero. He's vulgar, manipulative and self-centered. Nevertheless, Duddy is the center of the story, and we are drawn to the challenges he must overcome and the goals he seeks to achieve.

11. 11. Foil - A foil is any character (usually the antagonist or an important supporting character) whose personal qualities contrast with another character (usually the protagonist). By providing this contrast, we get to know more about the other character.
12. Symbolic - A symbolic character is any major or minor character whose very existence represents some major idea or aspect of society. For example, in Lord of the Flies, Piggy is a symbol of both the rationality and physical weakness of modern civilization; Jack, on the other hand, symbolizes the violent tendencies (the Id) that William Golding believes is within human nature.

12. “The Monkey’s Paw”
Together, we will read, “The Monkey’s Paw”