1. POWER FACTOR IN ELECTRICAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
Under the guidance of:
S.Mohanty
Prepared by:
Ajay Kumar Das EE
Electrical & Electronics

2. INTRODUCTION
Power factor is the percentage of electricity that is being used to do useful work
power factor= active power/apparent power
Apparent power has two components:
Productive power
Reactive power

3. UNDERSTANDING POWER FACTOR
Any industrial process using electric motors (to drive pumps, fans, conveyors, refrigeration plant etc.) introduces inefficiencies into the electricity supply network by drawing additional currents, called "inductive reactive currents".
Typical Utility Billing Structure are as follows:
1. 90% Billing Structure % KVA + 100% KW Billing Structure

4. DISADVANTAGES OF LOW POWER FACTOR
Indirect costs of low power factor
Direct costs of low power factor
Loss in distribution capacity
Larger Investment
Transformers
Large size conductors

6. BENEFITS OF POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Benefit 1 - Reduce Utility Power Bills
Benefit 2 - Increase System Capacity
Benefit 3 - Improve System Operating Characteristics (Gain Voltage)
Benefit 4 - Improve System Operating Characteristics (Reduce Line Losses)

7. EQUIPMENTS CREATING POOR POWER FACTOR
Lighting Incandescent Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
Mercury Vapor Lamps
Distribution Transformer
Induction Motors
Synchronous Motors

8. Industrial Heating
Welding
What causes low power factor?
Equipment Design
Operating Conditions
Line voltage

9. MEASUREMENT OF POWER FACTOR

10. POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
Power factor correction can be made in two ways:
Reduce the amount of reactive energy
Compensate artificially for the consumption of reactive energy with power factor capacitor
Two type of equipment are available for power factor correction:
Rotary Equipment: Phase advancers, synchronous motors and synchronous condensers

12. Power factor correction is achieved by the addition of capacitors in parallel with the connected motor circuits and can be applied at the starter, or applied at the switchboard or distribution panel.
Two types of correction using capacitors
Static correction
Bulk correction

13. AUTOMATIC SWITCHING OF CAPACITORS

14. HARMONIC DISTORTION Linear loads Non-linear loads The Cause The Effect
Harmonics and Power Factor Capacitors
The Options to Reduce Harmonics
Harmonic Limits in Electric Power Systems

15. CONCLUSION
Lastly after the completion of my project, I conclude that improvement of power factor is necessary in both consumer and supplier point of view. In some industries penalty is charged due to maintenance of low power factor. In some industries where power consumed by the load is low, high ratings of equipments are required. SVC Technologies and Synchronous Generator are used for the improvement of power factor.