1. Almost everyone gets sick once in a while.
Q.Q. 4/30/19
Almost everyone gets sick once in a while.
Diseases are any changes, other than injuries, that disrupt the normal functions of the body.
Describe a time when you were sick. How did you feel? How was the disease treated?

2. Pathogens
Pathogen – anything that can cause a disease (i.e. bacteria, viruses, animals, plants, fungi, etc.)

3. Chapter 43- The Immune System

4. The Immune System is VERY complex….
BUT we are going
to simplify it!
Animation

6. Immunity
Innate Immunity- Defenses that you are born with; antibodies through breast feeding
External Barriers
- Skin, mucous membranes, lysozomes in tears, ear wax

7. Internal Barriers
Phagocytes “eat” foreign bodies through phagocytosis (4 different kinds)
Inflammatory response
Initiate immune responses by engulfing foreign invader called phagocytosis.

8. Four types of leukocytes (white blood cells) are phagocytic
1. Neutrophils- Most abundant in the body; ‘Patrol tissues’ looking for foreign invaders, dead cells, etc. ; make up pus.
2. Macrophages- “Big Eaters”. Found mainly in the spleen and lymph nodes

9. Four types of leukocytes (white blood cells) are phagocytic
3. Eosinophils- Kill parasites
4. Dendritic- Stimulate development of acquired immunity

10. Inflammation response- Triggered by histamines (found in mast cells throughout body)
- Essential for healing
- Causes dilation of blood vessels/capillaries *widening/increased blood flow to site

11. Innate response
Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)- Kill virus infected and cancer cells

12. Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
Specific defenses through having lymphocytes (white blood cells) attack invaders
Antigen- part of a foreign invader that triggers an immune response (molecule/virus/bacteria, etc…)
TED ed animation

14. 2 types of Lymphocytes B Cells T Cells
Lymphocytes- WBC that are specific to target; Both bind to the epitope(s) of the antigen.
B Cells
T Cells

15. B Cells 1. B Cells- Receptors are “Y” shaped
- Have a heavy and light chain *protein
- Recognizes whole antigen
- An individual has an estimated 1 million different TYPES of B cells, each recognize different antigens
*made in bone marrow, mature in bone marrow

17. B Cells B cells- Can create antibodies
Antibodies= Y –Shaped proteins released by white blood cells to mark antigens *tag for destruction
5 different classes, all begin with“Ig” (ie: Igx, where x is the variable)

18. When antibodies bind to an antigen, they will divide and replicate = clonal selection (produces memory cells which react much faster the next time antigen is in body)

19. T Cells 2. T Cells- Receptors are “l” shaped - Have an α and β chain
- Recognizes parts of antigens
- An individual has an estimated 10 million different TYPES of T cells, each recognize antigens (or parts of antigens)
*made in bone marrow, mature in
Thymus gland

21. More specific types of lymphocytes
Helper T Cells- Release cytokines which stimulate other lymphocytes. They cannot kill by themselves. Have an important surface protein called CD4. *destroyed in AIDS
Cytotoxic T Cells- Identifies infected and cancer cells and then releases proteins to destroy target. Have an important surface protein called CD8.

23. Active vs. Passive Immunity
Active Immunity- “Natural” exposure to an infectious agent which will then lead to an immune response and create memory cells (immunizations/vaccinations are examples)
Passive Immunity- Taking antibodies from someone and giving them to someone else who lacks them

24. How vaccinations work

25. The immune system is great at identifying foreign tissues, including different types of blood, organs, or skin grafts, causing attack and rejection.
Allergies - Exaggerated responses to harmless antigen; Release of histamines.

26. Immune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases- Immune system is fighting against normal body tissue
Immunodeficiency diseases- AIDS from HIV animation
Multiple Schlerosis

28. Video Clips:
Emily Whitehead First Child Treated in Trial of T Cell Therapy for Leukemia
CAR T-cell therapy for cancer treatment: How it works