1. REACTIONS OF GRIGNARD REAGENTS
The Mg-C bond in a Grignard reagent is polarized, e.g. methylmagnesium bromide.
The carbon attached to Mg bears a partial negative charge.
This carbon is Nucleophilic, and is subject to attack by electrophiles.
An Electrophile is a chemical species which seeks electrons.

2. Reactions of Grignard reagents
Grignard reagents and water
Grignard reagents react with water to produce alkanes. So, everything has to be very dry during the preparation above.
Grignard reagents and carbon dioxide
Grignard reagents react with carbon dioxide in two stages. In the first, you get an addition of the Grignard reagent to the carbon dioxide.

3. Mechanism

4. Reaction between Grignard reagents and carbonyl compounds
The reactions between the various types of carbonyl compounds and Grignard reagents can look quite complicated, but in fact they all react in the same way, only changes are the groups attached to the carbon-oxygen double bond.
In the first stage, the Grignard reagent adds across the carbon-oxygen double bond:
Grignard reagents and methanal
Methanal has two hydrogen substituents. Methanal is the simplest possible aldehyde. A primary alcohol is formed. A primary alcohol has only one alkyl group attached to the carbon atom with the -OH group on it.
Primary Alcohol

5. Mechanism
In the first stage, the Grignard reagent adds across the carbon-oxygen double bond.
Dilute acid is then added to this to hydrolyse it.

6. The reaction between Grignard reagents and other aldehydes
The next biggest aldehyde is ethanal. One of the R group is CH3.
Ethanal
Secondary alcohol
You could change the nature of the final secondary alcohol by either changing the nature of the Grignard reagent - which would change the CH3CH2 group into some other alkyl group;
changing the nature of the aldehyde - which would change the CH3 group into some other alkyl group.

7. The reaction between Grignard reagents and ketones
Ketones have two alkyl groups attached to the carbon-oxygen double bond. The simplest one is propanone and it gives tertiary alcohol.
Reaction with Ethylene oxide or epoxide

8. Reation with Ester
Two molecules of Grignard's reagents react with ester to form Tertiary alcohol.
Tertiary alcohol

9. R and S Configuration (REVISION)
Arrange hard Line substituent opposite to dotted line substituent and then assign R or S according to priority order.

10. R and S Configuration

11. Resonance Effects

12. negative inductive effect positive resonance effect
For halogens, two opposing effects are as below;
negative inductive effect
positive resonance effect
halogens - weak deactivating -
negative inductive effect > positive mesomeric (resonance effect)
Halogens are an exception of the deactivating group that directs the ortho or para substitution.
The halogens deactivate the ring by inductive effect. In halogens inductive effect (-I) is greater than resonance effect (+M).

13. GOOD LUCK