1. Estimating the impact of healthcare-associated infections on length of stay and costs 
G. De Angelis, A. Murthy, J. Beyersmann, S. Harbarth 
Clinical Microbiology and Infection 
Volume 16, Issue 12, Pages (December 2010)
DOI: /j x
Copyright © 2010 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

2. FIG. 1
Illustration of the effect of nosocomial pneumonia (NP) status on end of length of stay (LOS) hazard ratios. End of LOS hazard ratios with and without NP; the x-axis starts with day 5, the first end of LOS day of patients with NP. Solid lines: the unbiased analysis. Dashed lines: the biased analysis. Both analyses find that LOS is prolonged after NP, but the effect is overestimated in the biased analysis.
Clinical Microbiology and Infection  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2010 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions

3. FIG. 2
Multistate model describing time-dependent exposure. Patients are entered into the model on the day of admission to hospital. Patients move into the following states on the day when the healthcare-associated infection (HAI) and/or discharge and/or death are detected. Thus, infected patients move from ‘admission’ (state 0) into ‘HAI’ (state 1), and into ‘discharge’ (state 2) or ‘death’ (state 3); uninfected patients move from ‘admission’ (state 0) into ‘discharge’ (state 2) or ‘death’ (state 3).
Clinical Microbiology and Infection  , DOI: ( /j x)
Copyright © 2010 European Society of Clinical Infectious Diseases Terms and Conditions