1. From DNA to Protein
Genotype to Phenotype

2. Information from Genes to Proteins
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Key mediator between DNA & polypeptide
Only one strand
Sugar: ribose
Nitrogenous bases
Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil

3. Information from Genes to Proteins
Central dogma
DNA codes for the production of RNA, RNA codes for the production of proteins (polypeptide)
Protein does not code for the production of protein, RNA, or DNA
RNA viruses are the exceptions

4. Transcription Components of transcription
DNA template
Only one strand is used
Ribonucleoside triphosphates to act as substrates
RNA polymerase enzyme
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is synthesized
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized

5. Transcription Initiation Elongation Termination Finish product – mRNA
Requires a promoter
Tells RNA polymerase where to start, which strand to transcribe, and the direction
Elongation
RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA (~10 base pairs at a time)
Reads in the 3’ to 5’ direction
Termination
Specific DNA sequences tells RNA polymerase to stop adding nucleotides
Finish product – mRNA

6. Transcription

9. Transcription

10. Translation mRNA translated into Proteins
tRNA must read mRNA codons correctly
tRNA must deliver the amino acids that correspond to the mRNA codons it has read
tRNA
It carries an amino acid
It associates with mRNA molecules
It interacts with ribosomes

11. Translation Ribosome is the workbench Two subunits (large & small)
Eukaryotes have 3 different molecules of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

12. Ribosome A site (amino acid) P site (polypeptide E site (exit)
Where the tRNA anticodon binds to the mRNA codon
P site (polypeptide
Where the tRNA adds its amino acid
E site (exit)
Where the tRNA resides before being released

13. Translation Initiation Elongation Termination
Initiation complex-starts translation
Start codon (AUG)
Codes 3’ to 5’
Elongation
Anticodon of tRNA bind to the codon at the A site
Amino acids become linked at the P site
Free tRNA moves to E site & is released, ribosome shifts by one codon & the process repeats
Termination
Stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) enter A site
hydrolysis occurs in the bonds between the polypeptide chain, tRNA, & P site

14. Translation Initiation
Small ribosomal subunit binds to the recognition sequence on mRNA
Methionine-charged tRNA binds to the AUG “start” codon, completing the initiation complex
The large ribosomal subunit joins the initiation complex with the tRNA now occupying the P site

15. Translation
Elongation

16. Transcription
Termination

17. Genetic Code

19. Mutations Somatic mutations Germ line mutations Point mutations
Body cells
Passes on to the daughter cells after mitosis
Germ line mutations
Cells that give rise to gametes
Passes on to a new organism at fertilization
Point mutations
Single base pairs on a single gene
One allele becomes another allele
Chromosomal mutations
Change the position of a DNA segment without actually removing the genetic information
May cause DNA to be irretrievably lost or duplicated

20. Mutations Four Types of Chromosomal mutations
Explain the four types and the end result
Discuss spontaneous or induced mutations, with examples
Explain the relationship between mutations and evolution
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