1. Loanwords: An Impact to Malay Language and Culture
Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin
Linguistics Program
School of Language Studies and Linguistics
UKM

2. 1 2 3 Loanwords A common phenomenon for any languages in the world.
It has been taken place for years 1
It happened when two or more languages came into contact.
There are some necessities for the borrowing to take place.
Colonialization and business activities during Malacca civilization has exposed the Malay language to borrowings. 2
Impact on linguistics
Impact on social and culture
One of it’s positive impact - it enriches one’s language 3

3. Form of Loanwords Importation Partial substitution substitution
Linguistics
Lexical gaps
Special effects
Euphemism
Social

4. Examples (linguistics)
Importation
Musique (Fr) – music (Eng)
fikir(Malay) - fikr (Ar)
Partial substitution
Anti penuaan (Malay) anti ageing (Eng)
live-shendung (Ger) – live-broadcast (Eng)
substitution
Brandy (Eng) -cognac (French)
Monday (Eng) – lunae dies (Latin)

5. Examples (social) Lexical gap Komputer (computer)
Psikologi (psychology)
Special effect
Kolagen (collagen)
Savvy (Proton)
Euphemism
Security (jaga)
Cleaner (pencuci)

6. Malay Sources of Loanwords English Arabic Chinese, Dutch, etc.
Sanskrit

7. Number of Loanwords Source English Arabic Sanskrit China Tamil
Kamus Dewan 3
2381
1791
490
188 57

8. Example of loanwords
Mandarin: amoi, anglo, angpau, camca, cincau, ceongsam, bohsia, bihun, sempoa, etc.
Sanskrit: bahasa, masa, gerhana, catur, suami, isteri, muda, remaja, udara, gempa, singa, serigala, etc
Arabic: wakaf, falak, fikir, bab, falsafah, hamil, tawaf, halal, hidayah, etc.
English: computer, glass, school, electric, index, logic, project, genetic, motivation, etc

9. Linguistics Processes Involved in Loanwords
morphology
semantics
phonology

10. Phonology No. of syllables Vowel at final position Clusters
Monosyllabic; bab (chapter), had (limit), bas (bus),bag (beg), pos (post)
More than 2 syllables: bahasa (language), mereka (they), masyarakat (community), kemeja (shirt)
Vowel at final position
Tuala (towel), wanita (ladies), bola (ball),
Vowel harmony [i,u],- high vowel for final position, [e,o] mid high vowel for pre final position:
/anglo/, /kale/, /cige/,/ape/
Clusters
Maaf (apology), saat (moment), manfaat (benefit), taat (loyal) , fi’il (behaviour)
Psikologi (psychology), brek (brake), krim (cream), status (status), kren (crane)

11. Morphology Pro: Pro Multi: Multi Sub: Sub Poli: Poly Auto: Auto
Pro-Islam, Pro-Mahathir, pro-Demokrasi
Multi-bahasa, multi-etnik, multi- dimensi
Sub-disiplin, sub-topik, sub-dialek
Poliklinik, polisemi, politeknik
Autograf, autobiografi, autoformat
-isme: -ism
-al : -al
-si: -tion
-is: -ist
Anti-anti
Hinduisme, jurnalisme, kolonialisme
Elektrikal, logikal, muzikal
Dokumentasi, apresiasi, liberalisasi
Empiris, kartunis, feminis
anti kerajaan, anti rasuah, anti demokrasi
Pra- pre
Dwi- bi
Pasca- post
Maha -
Tri- tri
Pra-sejarah, pra-universiti, pramatang
Dwibahasa,
Dwitahunan, dwikutub
Pasca-siswazah, pasca-merdeka, pasca-kolonial
Maharaja, maharani, mahasiswa
Trimester, trilogi, tribunal

12. Enrichment through Morphology
Some loanwords assimilated immensely with Malay language.
Eg: Arabic, English, Sanskrit but not Chinese and Tamil 1.
From root word a-l-m (الم), we can form:
Alim, mualim, alaf, alam, ulama, ilmu, alamat, amal, amil, etc.
From root word k-t-b, we can form:
Kitab, kutub, maktab, katib, khutbah, etc 2.
From the root it forms various words, hence it can be further expanded with affixes:
Diamal, mengamalkan, pengamalan, diamali, teramal. 3.

13. Cont. English Sanskrit Chinese Classification : klasifikasi,
Diklasifikasikan, mengklasifikasi, pengklasifikasian.
Motivation: Motivasi,
Dimotivasikan, memotivasi, termotivasi, bermotivasi
English
Bahasa:
Membahasakan, dibahasa
Catur:
Mencatur, dicatur, tercatur, percaturan
Sanskrit
Cheongsam
*menceongsam, *diceongsam, *terceongsam
Sempoa:
*disempoa, *menyempoa, *tersempoa.
Chinese

14. Cont.
The formation of different words from one root form as in Arabic.
Assimilation in the Malay derivative system especially affixes
Enriches the Malay vocabularies

15. Semantics
Broadening – the core meaning has expanded to various meaning. Nevertheless the extension of the meaning are cognitively motivated.
Wakaf (Ar):
* stop (end of a sentence)
- name of a place (Wakaf Che Yeh),
- A small hut (for resting)
- Common property (Muslim cemetery)
Pension (Eng):
* sum of money paid to people above certain age, disabled people, widow, retired employee.
- Referring to an old people, old town, stop producing (chicken).
-name for association (Persatuan Pencen)
Nyonya (Chi):
*Married woman
- A reference to woman from Baba descendents
- Sweet delicacies (kuih).
- An embroided ‘kebaya’ wear with a sarung especially among Nyonya (long skirt)

16. Cont.
Narrowing – the meaning has been narrowed from many to a specific meaning.
Samseng (Chi)
i.to pay last respect to the demised , ii. Gangster
has narrowed to gangster only
Kitab (Ar):
from any type of books to specifically religious books
Phalatas (Sans)
From any form of reward (fruits, animals, abstract) to only specific reward for the good deed from God.

17. Social and Cultural Impact
Apart from linguistics, loanwords has given an impact to our social and culture
In today’s world, when the language contact has become more rigorous, the borrowing will become more common to languages.

18. Examples Filling the gap Special effects Euphe-mism
scientific terms are borrowed to capture the rapid growth of knowledge. The religious terms are safer to retain the form and meaning to avoid misunderstanding.
Computer, generative, linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, mudharabah, halal, tawaf, solat etc.
Filling the gap
For businesses purposes, difficult loanwords are used to make the product being more highly appraised.
To associate with more sophisticated lifestyle and cosmopolitan appeal
Kolagen (collagen), kondominium (condominium), Mont Terrace Golf Club, Seremban 2, H1N1 flu (swine flu)
Special effects
In Japanese, euphemisms collected appeared in the advertisements belonging to health and beauty field.
In Malay, euphemism also appeared in promoting a job or services.
Security, Cleaner, Spa, GRO, Constable, promoter, cashier, etc.
Euphe-mism

19. Positive Impact of Loanwords
Enriches the Malay vocabularies
Euphemism
Special effects
Filling the gap

20. Conclusion
Language contact happens everyday. Perhaps we will have loanwords from Bangladesh, Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar , etc in our vocabularies in a near future
On one hand, it helps to enrich our vocabularies
On the other hand, the effort to secure the use of our national language is very essential . This is to ensure the national language becomes the main language and simultaneously reflects our identity.