1. INDIA
MAHARASHTRA
MMR 1

2. MMR Built up Area (Sq.Km.) Thane District MMR Raigad No. Dist.
BUA 2010 Sq.sqkm
CAGR
75-92
92-01
01-09 1
Mumbai
211
3.60
2.92
0.61 2
Thane
212
7.09
5.83
3.55 3
Raigad 81
6.56
4.73
4.41 4
MMR
504
4.87
4.18
2.34 2

3. Thane District MMR Raigad Urban and Rural areas The Region3
Built and forest areas
Areas with detailed plans

5. 39% area for low development,
29% area for development,
39% area for low development,
32% area for conservation 5

6. RP for MMR - 1973 Main proposals Actions Results Problems identified
Rapid popln. growth of Mumbai
Restrict industrial growth in Mumbai
deleted 800 ha industrial zone in Mumbai
Mumbai’s population growth could not be arrested
Over concentration of jobs in Mumbai
Develop Bandra Kurla complex
Limit Mumbai’s growth to 7 million population by 1991
New Industrial Location Policy introduced for MMR
Office development in Island city banned, FSI in Island city restricted
Industrial employment did not increase as expected, it declined.
Mumbai’s economy indicated stagnancy and decline
Imbalanced growth caused by Mumbai’s geography
Set up Navi Mumbai across harbour with target population of 2 million by 1991
Develop new town at Kalyan; new townships around railway stations in Vasai Virar
CIDCO was appointed in as NTDA to develop Navi Mumbai
Wholesale markets identified for relocation; some relocated
Bandra Kurla complex developed by MMRDA
New town at Kalyan notified for development by MMRDA
Navi Mumbai established but could not reach growth target
No new town could be established at Kalyan
Large growth in Vasai Virar sub-region
Urban growth did not confine to urban centres
Congestion, lack of infrastructure
Shift the State capital complex to Navi Mumbai
No action followed 6

7. The Opportunity Floods of 2005 brought focus on to regional drainage
Studies on Transportation and water resources, Business Plan, and the Concept Plan will provide valuable inputs for the next Regional Plan
Difficulties of land-fill sites in municipal areas sought regional interventions
Need for regional transport and water source development authorities felt – UMMTA and MMRDA to play this role
Public debate going on including in Courts of law, about city development and imbalance within the region
MPC will bring balanced regional representation into Regional Planning and Development

8. MMRDA, RP and Mumbai DP
RP has been able to alter DP to achieve regional objectives
RP has been able to indicate potential areas for economic and tourism devp.
However, RP largely incorporated DPs
RPs curbed industrial and office sector developments in Mumbai
RPs promoted industrial location policy
RPs influenced activity decongestion in Mumbai
RPs encouraged use conversions and redevelopments in Mumbai
RPs suggested urbanisation pattern, promoted detailed planning for growth centres

9. Considerations for Metropolitan Planning
Setting logical framework for metropolitan development
Delineation of the region : re-examination
Planning and strategizing regional development
Creation of Institutional mechanism
Raising sustainable resources for financing regional infrastructure – unlike ULBs, rest of the region will not have revenue streams
Identification, promotion and co-ordination of multi-agency projects
Operating within the constitutional framework of MPC
Playing significant role in preservation of natural resources and environmental management 9

10. Purpose Split Average Trip Length (km) Trips per day (2005)
Mode
Trips (ml)
Mode Split incl. Walk
Mode Split excl. Walk
Walk
14.85
52.4% - 
Train
6.98
24.6%
51.8%
Bus
3.55
12.5%
26.3%
Auto
1.05
3.7%
7.8%
Taxi
0.23
0.8%
1.7%
Two Wheeler
Car
0.63
2.2%
4.6%
Total (inc.Walk)
28.33
100.0%
Total (exc.Walk)
13.48
Purpose Split
Talking of travel statistics in Mumbai Region brings number-numbness and it requires special effort not to lose the huge scale.
Almost 70 lakh journeys are made by Suburban Rail. It is the most important mode of travel after walk. Equally important are public bus services on which another 35 lakh trips are made. In addition, these buses also double up as an access mode for people who use suburban railways. Out of 70 lakh journeys made by rail, as earlier mentioned, about 15 to 20 lakh use these buses to reach their railway station of choice. Thus, Buses in total carry a total of about 55 lakh passengers.
About 10 lakh journeys are made by Two Wheelers. Equal number are made by three wheeled ubiquitous Auto-Rickshaw. About 8.5 lakh journeys are made by cars and taxis. In spite of each of these modes being less than one-fifth of either train or bus, their high per capital road coverage creates insurmountable congestion.
Per Capita Trip Rate
With walk : 1.65
Without walk : 0.65

11. Current and future scenarioNo
Item
2005 (sample survey)
2031 (projected) 1
Population
20.82 million
34 million (2031) 2
Slum Population
Around 47%
Around 14% 3
Average Household Size
4.22
3.90 4
Workforce participation rate
0.37
0.45 5
Total employment
7.75 million
15.3 million 6
Working in Offices
2.36 million (30.4%)
6.43 million (42%) 7
Working in Industries
1.53 million (19.7%)
4.51 million (30%) 8
Formal employment
Around 55%
70 – 80 %

12. Considerations for Metropolitan Planning
Setting logical framework for metropolitan development
Delineation of the region : re-examination
Planning and strategizing regional development
Creation of Institutional mechanism
Raising sustainable resources for financing regional infrastructure – unlike ULBs, rest of the region will not have revenue streams
Identification, promotion and co-ordination of multi-agency projects
Operating within the constitutional framework of MPC
Playing significant role in preservation of natural resources and environmental management 12

13. Considerations for Metropolitan Planning
Setting logical framework for metropolitan development
Delineation of the region : re-examination
Planning and strategizing regional development
Creation of Institutional mechanism
Raising sustainable resources for financing regional infrastructure – unlike ULBs, rest of the region will not have revenue streams
Identification, promotion and co-ordination of multi-agency projects
Operating within the constitutional framework of MPC
Playing significant role in preservation of natural resources and environmental management 13

14. Thank You

15. Spatial Planning in India
India - 32% urbanisation in 2011, but fast urbanising
Federal State - Urban development state subject
Pioneering Maharashtra Urban & Town Planning Act , 1966 provides framework for regional plans
Mumbai Metropolitan Region identified, RP prepared in 1973
MMRDA established to implement, revise and ensure balanced development of the region
Second RP prepared in 1996, third one underway
Constitutional amendment mandates only institutions with elected representation prepare spatial plans, MMRDA now assisting MPC

16. Spatial Planning in Maharashtra :
Current framework
Maharashtra Regional and Town Planning Act, 1966
Framework for Urban and Regional Planning
Urban Plans referred to as ‘Development Plans’ – Municipalities or specially designated Planning Authorities to prepare the DPs
Development Plans to be revised atleast once in 20 years
Regional Plans can be prepared for metropolitan and non- metropolitan areas (districts, eco-sensitive regions etc.)
Regional Plans are to be prepared by MPCs and DPCs
Revision of Regional Plans is based on plan period

17. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region

18. MMR Built up Area No. Dist. BUA 2010 CAGR 75-92 92-01 01-09 1 Mumbai
(Sq.Km.)
No.
Dist.
BUA 2010
CAGR
75-92
92-01
01-09 1
Mumbai
211
3.60
2.92
0.61 2
Thane
212
7.09
5.83
3.55 3
Raigad 81
6.56
4.73
4.41 4
MMR
504
4.87
4.18
2.34
Mumbai
Raigad
Thane

19. Conservation and Development areas
MMR :
Conservation and Development areas
Source : LULC, 2008 No
Category
Area (Sq.Km.) % 1
Built up area
658 14 2
Forest & greens
1922 44 3
Wasteland
388 9 4
Water Bodies
199 5
Agriculture & OS
1193 26
Total
4359
100

20. Planning Authorities in MMR
17 municipal, 5 public agencies, 2 private agencies
9 SPA areas in municipal limits
MIDC is SPA for all SEZs in Maharashtra
50% of MMR under municipalities and SPA areas
65 % area for conservation, rest for development

21. Mumbai Metropolitan Region Planning Authority (MMRDA)

22. MMRDA - establishment Established in 1975 under MMRDA Act,1974 for
Planning, co-ordinating and supervising the
proper, orderly and rapid development of the areas in
the region and executing plans, projects and schemes
for such development, and to provide for matters
connected therewith.

23. Functions of MMRDA mandated in the Act
To secure the development of MMR according to the Regional Plan and MMRDA shall
Review any project/scheme
Formulate and sanction
Execute projects and schemes
Recommend proposals to GoM/others
Review physical, financial and economic plans
Participate with others for inter-regional devp.
Finance projects
Co-ordinate execution of projects
Take up activities conducive for overall objectives
Principal functions in practice
Regional Planning
Micro-planning and dev. control in designated areas
Project formulation
Co-ordination
Financing infrastructure development
Implementation of select projects 10

24. Powers of MMRDA include ….
To freeze or restrict development, where necessary
To give directions
To require local authorities to assume responsibility in certain areas
To impose conditions while financing schemes
To levy a Cess on buildings and lands for activities in the Act
To levy Betterment Charges on increased land value as a consequence of its projects

25. Organisational Structure
MMRD Authority
Policy & financial matters
Executive Committee
Award of works
Metropolitan Commissioner
Addl. MC & Project Director (MUTP)
Addl. Metropolitan Commissioner-2
Planning Division
Town & Country Planning Division
Transport. & Comm. Division
Rental Housing Division
Engineerin g Division
MUTP Division
Other Divisions
Regional Planning
Micro Planning
Transport Planning
Affordable Housing 12

26. MMRDA’s role Spatial planning at regional level
Detailed Planning at micro-level (SPAs)
Co-ordinating development
Development financing
Execution of projects

27. Regional Planning

28. MMRDA’s role : Regional Planning
Two Regional Plans prepared in 1973 and 1996
Both the RPs - Mapped the region
- provided framework for Devp. of region
- Opened up areas for urbanization
Industrial Location Policy for MMR prepared
Environment brought into focus through ILP, zoning for quarries, jetties, wet lands, and environmental assessment by MMRDA
Suggested declaration of mangroves as reserved forests
Next revision of Regional Plan in progress by MPC

29. First RP : 1973 Problems identified
Rapid population growth and over concentration of jobs in Mumbai
Imbalanced growth caused by Mumbai’s geography
Congestion, lack of infrastructure
Main proposals
Limit Mumbai’s pop to 70 lac by 1991, set up Navi Mumbai with target population of 20 lacs by 1991
Shift State capital complex to Navi Mumbai; De-concentrate office jobs within Mumbai and outside; Restrict industrial growth in Mumbai
(800 ha industrial zone deleted; office devp in island city banned; wholesale markets shifted to Navi Mumbai; Industrial Location Policy)
Develop Bandra Kurla complex and Oshivara District Centres in Mumbai
Develop new town at Kalyan and near railway stations in Vasai Virar

30. Revised RP :
Objective - to seize the opportunities for growth provided by liberalisation :
Main Proposals :
make positive efforts to develop Mumbai into a modern Finance & Business Centre
facilitate growth of related services
facilitate office growth (consumed FSI on redevp and conversion of use)
recycling of land under obsolete uses
allowing offices in industrial zones
Industrial location policy recast on environmental considerations

31. Orientation of the Regional Plans
First prepared in 1973, revised 1996, due for another revision by 2011
The 1973, 1996 Regional Plans laid framework for addressing :
- Policy towards Spatial Devp.
- Development Finance
- Development Co-ordination
1973 RP - philosophy of urban containment, socialistic approach, prescriptive, land banking : had measurable objectives
1996 RP- reflecting economic liberalisation in India, market orientation, interventions for land-assembly through regulatory mechanism, environmental focus : outcome being measured
Next RP – Under preparation by MPC with MMRDA’s assistance

32. The performance of RP 1996-2011 No RP feature Performance 1
Growth Centres recommended for detailed planning by establishing SPAs
Some SPAs notified, plans underway
Inadequate revenue sources for financing infrastructure in SPA areas 2
Direct intervention in transport linkages by MMRDA
Largely confined to Mumbai city 3
Linear devp. along transport corridors identified as urbanisable
Did not happen on ground 4
Incentives offered for land assembly
Not utilised by developers, but large single plot holders benefited 5
Restrictions placed on development of small plots
Created hardship 6
Developments such as SEZs, Port, Power Plants coming up
RP did not place impediments

33. In summary, MMR’s Strengths A statutory Regional Planning framework
A dedicated institution (MMRDA) established for regional planning and development
MMRDA acting as nodal agency and also dev. financing the ULBs along with technical assistance where necessary
An industrial locating policy for MMR in place
Weaknesses
No focus on housing
Approaches to regional planning varying
Inadequate pro-active interventions in regional infra. devp.
MMRDA not well represented by constituents of region
Urban bias

34. Considerations for Metropolitan Planning
Setting logical framework for metropolitan development
Delineation of the region : re-examination
Planning and strategizing regional development
Creation of Institutional mechanism
Raising sustainable resources for financing regional infrastructure – unlike ULBs, rest of the region will not have revenue streams
Identification, promotion and co-ordination of multi-agency projects
Operating within the constitutional framework of MPC
Playing significant role in preservation of natural resources and environmental management

35. Micro Planning

36. RP for MMR - 1973 Main proposals Actions Results Problems identified
Rapid popln. growth of Mumbai
Restrict industrial growth in Mumbai
deleted 800 ha industrial zone in Mumbai
Mumbai’s population growth could not be arrested
Over concentration of jobs in Mumbai
Develop Bandra Kurla complex
Limit Mumbai’s growth to 7 million population by 1991
New Industrial Location Policy introduced for MMR
Office development in Island city banned, FSI in Island city restricted
Industrial employment did not increase as expected, it declined.
Mumbai’s economy indicated stagnancy and decline
Imbalanced growth caused by Mumbai’s geography
Set up Navi Mumbai across harbour with target population of 2 million by 1991
Develop new town at Kalyan; new townships around railway stations in Vasai Virar
CIDCO was appointed in as NTDA to develop Navi Mumbai
Wholesale markets identified for relocation; some relocated
Bandra Kurla complex developed by MMRDA
New town at Kalyan notified for development by MMRDA
Navi Mumbai established but could not reach growth target
No new town could be established at Kalyan
Large growth in Vasai Virar sub-region
Urban growth did not confine to urban centres
Congestion, lack of infrastructure
Shift the State capital complex to Navi Mumbai
No action followed

37. Co-ordinating Development

38. MMRDA’s role : Co-ordinating development
Controlled office and industrial development in south Mumbai for considerable no. of years
Facilitated shifting of wholesale markets to Navi Mumbai in a planned environment through legislation
Helped frame Industrial Location Policy for MMR with focus on environment
Co-ordinated World Bank funded BUDP with focus on shelter for low income groups & MUTP for transportation
Directly undertaking regional transportation, water resource development and solid waste management projects
Established Societies for Heritage Conservation and Environmental Improvement in the MMR - providing grants for undertaking studies and projects.
Acting as State level nodal agency for channelising funds from the Central and State Governments for urban infrastructure schemes (Megacity and JNNURM)

39. Development Financing

40. MMRDA’s role : Development Financing
Funds
MMRD Fund (internal resources)
MUDP-RF (external resources)
MCS-RF (external resources)
JNNURM (external resources)
Functions
Technical appraisal of projects and financial appraisal of borrowers, approval and processing of claims, loan agreements, monitoring of projects and loan repayments, managing Revolving Funds
Preparing policy, regulations and reporting to appropriate authorities

41. Development Financing Schemes operated
Name of Scheme
Source of fund
Eligibility
Fund
MMRD Fund
MMRDA’s own revenues
For all areas in MMR
Loan
MMRD Reserve Fund
Public sector bodies and persons in MMR
Integrated Village Improvement Scheme
For improving infrastructure in urbanising village clusters
100% cost as Grant
Outer Area Road Development Scheme
For improvement of road- connectivity to villages
90% cost as Grant
MUDP - Revolving Fund
World Bank loan returns
For all urban areas in MMR
Loan, grant
Mumbai Megacity Scheme
Central and state matching grants
For Corporations in MMR
Heritage Conservation and Environmental Improvement Societies
Income from Rs. 5 Cr. to each Society given by MMRDA
For study and implementation of projects in Heritage and Environment fields
Upto 100% as Grant

42. Development financing
Rs. in US$ M
No.
Fund
Sanctioned
Disbursed 1
MMRD Fund
812
588 2
Other Funds
1836
1470
Toal
2648
2058

43. Disbursement of funds Beneficiary as on 28.2.2013 Total Agency 190
Rs. in Cr.
Beneficiary
Agency
Alibag MC
Ambernath MC
BEST
BNMC
CIDCO
JJ Group of Hospitals
STHeitiSC-Light
Karjat MC
KBMC
MBMC
MJP
MMRDA
MSRDC
MCGM
NMMC
NMMT
Nallasopara MC
Nav-Manikpur MC
Panvel MC
Pen MC
PL Desh Academy
PWD
TMC
UMC
Uran MC
Vasai MC
Virar MC
ZP, Thane
ZP, Raigad
Total
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
No. of Proj.
190
Sanct.
amt
130
204
139 43
347 82
326
133
408
1583
541
699 41
153
614 84 73
5,717
Dsbrsd 42
119
228
106 92
405
1221
527
316 39
126
203 36
4,276
Level U UR R RL
District T M TR
MTR

44. Only Loan & Grant for Tech Studies
Role of MMRDA in Infra Devp.
(Auth approval on )
Type of project
Pla nni ng
Co- ord
Monit oring
Tech Asst
Imple mentat ion
Financial Assistance
Own investment
Contribution,
Grant, Loan
A) Regional infrastructure 1
Projects of Regional Significance  2
Development of Growth Centres 3
Multi-agency projects (like JNNURM) 4
Projects in urban areas (to address problems arising out of matters outside ULB area) x 5
Projects on Mission Mode (inc urban area) 6
Innovative Projects (including in urban areas)(rev generating) 7
Rural Projects
B) Urban Infrastructure
Projects to discharge the obligatory functions of ULBs
Only Loan & Grant for Tech Studies

45. Heritage and Environmental Preservation in MMR

46. Heritage and Environmental Preservation in MMR
MMR-Heritage Conservation Society (MMR-HCS)
MMR-Environmental Improvement Society (MMR-EIS)
Two separate societies established by MMRDA
An interest free loan of US$ 1 M each provided
Income on above used to fund study & implementation projects
Status as on
HCS - 61 projects US$ 1.3 M, Rs.1 M released, 48 completed
E I S - 73 projects US$ 1.49 M, Rs M released, 58 completed

47. Special Projects

48. Important Transportation Projects
No.
Project
Description of project
Cost
Rs Cr.
Status of completion 1
Eastern Freeway
4-8 lane
16.59 Km long
1143
Mar-June 13 in phases 2
Sahar elevated road
6 lane
2.2 Km long
400
June 13 3
SCLR
2.5 Km long
Dec 13
4000 Fam resettled 4
Monorail
11.28 Km long
2460
Aug in phases 5
Metro-1 (PPP)
12 Km long
2356
Nov 13, 650 VGF 6
Metro-2 & 3
32 Km long
7660
2300 VGF 7
MTHL
22 Km long
10000
Starting in Dec 13,
1920 VGF 8
MMC 9
Regional SWM
Ready to be awarded
Dec 2015 10
Other projects
2686
Upto Dec 13 11
New Projects
3776
Total cost of ongoing and proposed works

49. Grants by MMRDA, implementation by Municipalities, with help of NGOs
Slum sanitation in MMR
The Central Government decided to eradicate the practice of open defecation by
Following the above, MMRDA undertook slum sanitation programme on mission mode in September 2007
To construct Community Toilet Blocks with Community Participation in urban areas in MMR (excluding Mumbai & Navi Mumbai),
Grants by MMRDA, implementation by Municipalities, with help of NGOs
Current Status - 24,000 units Rs. 248 Cr.
20,000 units completed
4,000 units in progress

50. Rehabilitation of the Project Affected Families
R & R necessitated by infrastructure development projects
55,000 units constructed for MUTP, MUIP and Mithi River development projects
Residential and Commercial and units and community facilities provided
Post rehabilitation - livelihood and maintenance helped
With the experience, MMRDA facilitates R&R for other agencies, for vital projects like Airport Authority

51. MMR - Population and Employment
Base Year (2005)
Total population : millions
Total Employment : millions
Pop (m) Employment (m)
Mumbai
Rest of region

52. Population growth trendsNo
Sub-area
Population in millions
Projection
1971
1991
2001
2005
2021 1
Gr. Mumbai
5.97
9.92
11.98
12.86
16.33 2
Navi Mumbai
.32
.70
.90
1.25 3
Rest of urban area
.74
3.13
5.35
5.79
10.83 4
Rural area
1.08
1.16
1.27
0.59
Total region
7.79
14.50
19.30
20.82
28.99

53. Economic growth trends
Gr. Mumbai GDP: Sectoral Growth Rates

54. Travel Demand Measured demand for Various Modes (excluding walk), 2005
Estimated demand for Various Modes (excluding walk), 2031

55. The shape of future MMR

56. Business Plan for MMR - goals
Infrastructure
24/7 power & water supply, 100% sewerage in entire MMR
Water supply of 240 & 200 lpcd in Gr.Mumbai & rest of MMR
Flood mitigation
Daily 100% collection of solid waste and its environmentally compliant disposal
Maximum Density of passengers in trains to reduce from 16 to 7/sq.m .
Bus speeds to be 20 km/hour and vehicular speed to be 30 km/hour

57. Capital investment needs - 2021
Metropolitan level investment needs
Sectors
Investment Requirement (Rs. Cr.)
Investment Requirement
Water Source Development
2941
8822
14703
Transit Infrastructure
20169
34754
44940
99863
- Metro System
9110
24342
36459
69911
- Sub-Urban Rail improvement
10579
10412
8481
29472
- Water Transport
480
Highway System
9473
16665
21502
47640
Transport Terminals
407
612
1019
2038
Drainage
900
800
300
2000
Total
33,890
61,653
70,702
1,66,244
Total investment needs
Level/Sector
Rs. Cr.
Percentage
Metropolitan level infrastructure
1,66,244
80.70
Municipal infrastructure (ULB Level)
27,548
13.37
Land, real estate and housing
12,221
5.93
Total (US $ 40 b)
2,06,013
100.00

58. Resource Mobilisation - Financing Plan
(Rs. Cr.)
The investment needs excluding port,airport and power supply is Rs crores. This could be financed through inter governmental transfers like JNNRUM –23 %, Development Charged 25%, Borrowings 20% and private investment 32%. Government transfer and private investments are optimistic whereas Development Charges are conservative. Development charges are proposed to be levied as one time charge on the value of the property at the rate of 8 to 10%. If economy continues to grow at over 12 % and real estate develops in tandem the development charge could yield over Rs. 100,000 crores.

59. Regional Plan 1996-2011 Salient Features
Designation of new growth centres, namely Khopta, New Pen, Rasayani;
Opening up 776 sq. km. for new urbansation, around existing urban centres and along transport corridors;
Introduction of new concept of Organised Development for newly developing areas designated as U2 Zone.
Environment management strategy - making environmental Impact assessment mandatory for certain types of development

60. Regional Plan 1996-2011 Salient Features
Industrial Location Policy
- New categorisation of industries based on their evironmental impact rather than investment class
Permitting new environment friendly, high tech, high value added industries in Island City of Mumbai
Office Location Policy
- Development of Bandra-Kurla Complex as int. Fin. & Business Centre
Permitting new offices in Island City and Industrial Zones to revitalize old & absolete areas and for growth of new domestic & int. business
Liberalisation of provisions for Green Zone
- Permitting low-intensity, low-rise development of instt., recreational facilities, holiday homes, etc.

61. JNNURM Funding Pattern Category (Popln - 01) Cities GOI Share
GOM Share
Agency Share/ loan
A 4 M Plus
1. Urban Agglomeration of Gr. Mumbai (Mumbai, Thane, Kalyan-Dombivali, Mira-Bhayander, Navi Mumbai, Ulhasnagar, Ambernath & Badlapur)
35%
15%
50%
B Million Plus
1. UA of Pune (Pune & Pimpri-Chinchwad)
2. UA of Nashik (Nashik & Bhagur),
3. Nagpur
20%
30%
C (Spe. City)
1. Nanded-Waghala
80%
10%
Status of b and releases as on
Amount in Rs. Cr.
Sl. No.
Item
Maharashtra
MMR 1
No. of projects sanctioned 94 33 2
Cost of sanctioned projects
12,266
5,707 3
GoI contribution sanctioned
5,453
1,998 4
GoM contribution sanctioned
2,095
856 5
GoI contribution released
4,505
1,723 7
GoM contribution released
1,636
706 62

62. 63