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2. To The Barricades
In 1830 and 1848, Europeans saw street protests explode into full-scale revolts.
France After the Restoration-
When congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne, he prudently issued a constitution, the Charter of French Liberties.
Charter of French Liberties- created a two-house legislature and allowed limited freedom of the press.

3. The July Revolution
When Louis XVIII died in 1824 his brother Charles X, inherited the throne. He was a believer in absolutism, and rejected the very idea of the charter. In July , he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press.
Liberals and radicals responded forcefully to the king’s challenge.

4. In Paris Angry citizens threw up barricades across the narrow streets.
From behind them, they fired on the soldiers and pelted them with stones and roof tiles. Within days, rebels controlled Paris. A frightened Charles X abdicated and fled to England.
Louis Philippe cousin of Charles X was chosen king. He was a supporter of the revolution in He was called the citizen king, because he owed his throne to the people.

5. The French Revolution of 1848
1840s discontent grew and radicals formed secret societies to work for a French republic.
Liberals denounced Louis Philippe’s government for corruption and called for expanded suffrage.
Toward the end of the decade, and economic slump shut down factories. Harvest were poor, and people lost their jobs and bread prices soared . As in 1789, Paris was ripe for revolution.

6. February Days
In February Iron railings, overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees again blocked the streets of Paris.
Church bells rang alarms, while women and men on the barricades sang the revolutionary “La Marseillaise.” A number of demonstrators clashed with royal troops and were killed.
As it spread, Louis Philippe abdicated. After, this the new government was divided between liberal, radical and socialist proclaiming the Second Republic.

7. June Days
By June the upper and middle class had won control of the government. They shut down workshops stating it was a waste of money.
Furious, workers took to the streets of Paris, rallying to the cry “Bread or Lead” This time the bourgeois liberals turned violently against the protesters.
At least 1500 people were killed before the government crushed the rebellion.

8. Louis Napoleon
During the elections after, all men were able to vote Louis Napoleon nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte took office.
The new Napoleon attracted the working classes by presenting himself as a man who cared about social issues such as poverty.
By 1852, he had proclaimed himself emperor, taking the title napoleon III. Thus ended the short-lived Second Republic.

9. The Spring Time of the Peoples
Revolution in France was the spark that touched off the revolts.
Workers demanded relief from the miseries of the spreading Industrial Revolution.
By 1848 discontent was so widespread that it was only a matter of time before it exploded into full-scale revolution.

10. Metternich Falls In Austrian empire revolt broke out in Vienna
Metternich who had dominated Austrian politics for more than 30 years, tried to suppress the students who took to the streets. When workers rose up to support the students, Metternich resigned and fled in disguise.
Revolution quickly spread to other parts of the empire.
After the Austrian government was Overwhelmed they agreed to the reforms

11. Revolution in Italy
Uprisings erupted in the Italian states. Nationalists wanted to end domination of Italy by the Austrian Hapsburgs.
Workers suffering economic hardships demanded even more radical changes.
From Venice in the north to Naples in the south, Italians set up independent republics. Revolutionaries even expelled the pope from Rome and installed a nationalist government.
But the pope would return after, the French army restored him back to the throne.

12. Frankfurt Assembly
Throughout 1848, delegates from many German states met in the Frankfurt Assembly.
Divisions soon emerged. Delegates debated endlessly on topics about whether or not a new Germany should be a republic or a monarchy, and whether or not to include Austria in a united German state.
Finally, the assembly offered Prussia’s Frederick William IV the crown of a united Germany. To their dismay the conservative king rejected the offer saying it was “from the gutter.” This was because it came from the people.
By 1849, the assembly was dissolved under threat form the Prussian military.