1. Pulmonary Blood Flow Patterns in Patients With Fontan Circulation
Alfred Hager, MD, Sohrab Fratz, MD, Markus Schwaiger, MD, Rüdiger Lange, MD, John Hess, MD, Heiko Stern, MD 
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery 
Volume 85, Issue 1, Pages (January 2008)
DOI: /j.athoracsur
Copyright © 2008 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
Comparison of blood flow patterns. The x-axis shows the phase of the cardiac cycle from phase 1 as the start of the systole to phase 100 (= 0) as the end of diastole. The y-axis shows the flow normalized to the mean blood flow in that vessel, with 0 and 1 representing no and mean blood flows, respectively. The bar at the bottom outlines the period of systole estimated from the mean heart rate. (A) Pulmonary artery of 17 patients after Fontan surgery. (B) Superior vena cava of 12 healthy control subjects. (C) Pulmonary artery of 12 healthy control subjects.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2008 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

3. Fig 2
Averaged blood flow pattern, outlining the typical peaks and troughs, in the pulmonary artery of 17 patients after Fontan surgery (heavy solid line), compared with that in the superior vena cava (×) and in the pulmonary artery (○) of 12 healthy control subjects. The x-axis shows the phase of the cardiac cycle and the y-axis shows the normalized flow. The pulmonary artery of Fontan patients showed no typical patterns, except for a slight late diastolic peak, the superior vena cava of the control subjects showed a clear systolic flow peak decelerating into early diastole, and the pulmonary artery of control subjects showed flow almost confined to a single systolic peak.
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2008 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

4. Fig 3
Blood flow patterns in the pulmonary artery of 17 patients with various modifications of Fontan surgery. The x-axis shows the phase of the cardiac cycle and the y-axis the normalized flow. There was no significant difference in the patterns between the 3 patients with atrioventricular connection (▵), the 9 patients with atriopulmonary connection (○), and the 5 patients with total cavopulmonary connection (×).
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2008 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions

5. Fig 4
Blood flow patterns in the pulmonary artery of 17 patients after Fontan surgery with various degrees of atrioventricular valve regurgitation. The x-axis shows the phase of the cardiac cycle and the y-axis the normalized flow. There was no significant difference in the patterns between the 13 patients with trivial or no atrioventricular valve regurgitation (●) compared with the 4 patients with mild or moderate regurgitation (×).
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery  , DOI: ( /j.athoracsur )
Copyright © 2008 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Terms and Conditions