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1 copyright cmassengale
Classification copyright cmassengale

2 copyright cmassengale
Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale

3 What is Classification?
Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

4 Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names
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6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists
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7 copyright cmassengale
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale

8 copyright cmassengale
Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale

9 Binomial Nomenclature
Genussmall group closely related organisms Speciesdescribes an important characteristic of the organism G + S  Scientific name Humans?

10 copyright cmassengale
Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized if typed Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when hand written Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

11 Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

12 Rules for Naming Organisms
The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale

13 Example In USA & England - house sparrow In Spain - gorrion
In Holland – musch In Sweden – hussparf Scientific Name - Passer domesticus

14 Which of these are written correctly?
Viola tricolor (pansy with 3-colored flower) Quercus phellos (Willow Oak) Nymphaea ordata (fragrant water lily) Clostridium Botulinum (bacteria that causes a form of food poisoning) homo sapiens

15 4 Rules for assigning scientific names
All scientific names must be Latin words or terms constructed according to the rules of Latin grammar. Two different organisms cannot be assigned the same scientific name.

16 Rules continued… For each member of the same genus, the second word (species name) must be different. Organisms in different genera will NOT have the same genus name, BUT can have same species name.

17 Classification Groups
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species copyright cmassengale

18 Classification System
The smallest group/TAXA is the species. If they share many features but are clearly different species, they are classified as different species within the same genus.

19 Example House cat(Felis domesticus) & the mountain lion (Felis concolor) Lions placed in a separate genus, Panthera leo

20 Groups of similar genera are put into the same family.
Ex: All genera with cat-like characteristics are put in the family of Felidae.

21 Families of similar organisms are placed in the same order.
Ex: Cats are in the same order as dogs—Carnivora—they are all meat eaters.

22 Similar orders are grouped into the same class.
All warm-blooded animals that have body hair and produce milk for their young are in the class Mammalia.

23 copyright cmassengale
MAKE A MNEMONIC I THINK Use these letters, in this order. Or else you’ll fail. DKPCOFGS copyright cmassengale

24 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale

25 copyright cmassengale
Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! copyright cmassengale

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27 copyright cmassengale
Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale

28 copyright cmassengale
1. ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale

29 copyright cmassengale
ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

30 copyright cmassengale
2. BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

31 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

32 3. Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

33 copyright cmassengale
Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale

34 copyright cmassengale
Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

35 copyright cmassengale
Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale

36 copyright cmassengale
Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

37 copyright cmassengale

38 Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

39 copyright cmassengale
Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

40 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos
copyright cmassengale

41 copyright cmassengale
Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

42 copyright cmassengale
Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

43 Practice Problems

44 copyright cmassengale
Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in pairs Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism copyright cmassengale

45 Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

46 copyright cmassengale

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