1. UNIT-I BA-2 SEMESTER By: DR. DIVYA MONGA
PERSONALITY
UNIT-I
BA-2 SEMESTER
By:
DR. DIVYA MONGA

2. Origin Of The Word
Greek word ‘persona’ (mask): character represented in a play.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

3. What is Personality? Personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Personality refers to a person’s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

4. Defining Some Terms
Personality: A person’s unique and relatively stable behavior patterns; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become
Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or evaluated
Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity, moods, irritability, and adaptability
Personality Trait: Stable qualities that a person shows in most situations
Personality Type: People who have several traits in common
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

5. Personality Types and Other Concepts
Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who was a Freudian disciple, believed that we are one of two personality types:
Introvert: Shy, self-centered person whose attention is focused inward
Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person whose attention is directed outward
Self-Concept: Your ideas, perceptions, and feelings about who you are
Self-Esteem: How we evaluate ourselves; a positive self- evaluation of ourselves
Low Self-esteem: A negative self-evaluation
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

6. Personality Theories: An Overview
Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:
Trait Theories: Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and how they relate to actual behavior
Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on the inner workings of personality, especially internal conflicts and struggles
Behavioristic Theories: Focus on external environment and on effects of conditioning and learning
Social Learning Theories: Attribute differences in perspectives to socialization, expectations, and mental processes
Humanistic Theories: Focus on private, subjective experience and personal growth
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

7. Trait Theories
Trait theorists aim to describe personality with a small number of traits or factors
Personality trait—stable quality a person shows across most situations
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

8. Hans Eysneck’sTrait Theory
Eysenck (1947) found that behavior could be represented by two dimensions:
Introversion / Extroversion (E);
Neuroticism / Stability (N).
According to Eysenck, the two dimensions of neuroticism (stable vs. unstable) and introversion-extroversion combine to form a variety of personality characteristics.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

9. The Trait Perspective….
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

10. The “Big Five” Personality Factors
(McCrae & Costa, 2001)
Openness to Experience
Conscientious
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

11. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

12. Questions about the Big Five
1. How stable are these traits?
Quite stable in adulthood. However, they change over development.
2. How heritable are they?
Fifty percent or so for each trait.
3. How about other cultures?
These traits are common across cultures.
4. Can they predict other personal attributes?
Yes. Conscientious people are morning type and extraverted are evening type.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

13. The Psychoanalytic Theory
Fathered by Sigmund Freud.
Lived 1856 – 1939
Freud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

14. Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of.
Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears. Id
Superego
Ego
Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

15. Structure of personality
Freud saw personality as 3 mental structures: Id
Ego
Superego
Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

16. Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

17. Other concepts Psychoanalysis Free association Defense mechanism
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

18. Humanistic Personality Theory
Carl Rogers ( )
Focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals.
The object of humans is to become self- actualized.
To grow into healthy humans we need:
genuineness
acceptance
empathy
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

19. Unconditional Positive Regard
an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
Self-Concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?”
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

20. Measurement of Personality
Personality assessment involves the techniques for systematically gathering information about a person in order to understand and predict behavior.
Self-report measures
Projective techniques
Behavioural assessment.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

21. 1. Self-report Most common way is self-report inventories.
MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Test must be
Reliable- does it yield the same results over time.
Valid- does it measure what it is supposed to measure.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

22. 2. Projective Techniques
A projective personality test is one in which the subject is given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to respond spontaneously.
pictures or inkblots.
No clear answer.
These techniques helps the respondents to project his own attitude and feelings unconsciously on the subject under study.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

23. The 2 most frequently used projective tests are:
The Rorschach: reactions to inkblots are employed to classify personality types.
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): stories about ambiguous pictures are used to draw inferences about the storyteller’s personality.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

24. 3. Behavioral Assessment
Behavioral Assessment refers to recording the frequency of specific behaviors.
It is a method used in the field of psychology to observe, describe, explain, predict and sometimes correct behaviour.
Behavioural assessment can be useful in clinical, educational and corporate settings.
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA

25. THE END
Personality by DR. DIVYA MONGA