1. A Conceptual Framework for Integrated Pest Management
Johan A. Stenberg 
Trends in Plant Science 
Volume 22, Issue 9, Pages (September 2017)
DOI: /j.tplants
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2. Figure 1
Key Figure: The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Pyramid Showing the Most Important Pest Management Elements
The base tier of the IPM pyramid consists of abiotic actions that can be applied before or immediately after planting and may continue until harvesting. Then follows a circular tier consisting of important elements that can be classified as ‘ecological’ and form the basis for ecology-based IPM. Finally, the top tier of the pyramid includes chemical pesticides that should only be applied when necessary, if the more basal IPM elements fail to keep pest populations under the economic threshold. Arrows denote particularly important interactions between the ecological elements. These seven interactions are key research areas that require elucidation to integrate the elements and realize the full potential of IPM.
Trends in Plant Science  , DOI: ( /j.tplants )
Copyright © 2017 The Author(s) Terms and Conditions