1. Lecture Outlines PowerPoint
Chapter 5
Earth Science, 12e
Tarbuck/Lutgens
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2. Running Water and Groundwater Chapter 5
Earth Science, 12e
Running Water and Groundwater Chapter 5

3. Earth as a system: the hydrologic cycle
Illustrates the circulation of Earth’s water supply
Processes involved in the cycle
Precipitation
Evaporation
Infiltration
Runoff
Transpiration

4. The hydrologic cycle
Figure 5.3

5. Sources of Earth’s water
Figure 5.2

6. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Largest freshwater reservoir for humans
Geological roles
As an erosional agent, dissolving by groundwater produces
Sinkholes
Caverns
An equalizer of streamflow

7. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Distribution and movement of groundwater
Distribution of groundwater
Belt of soil moisture
Zone of aeration
Unsaturated zone
Pore spaces in the material are filled mainly with air

8. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Distribution and movement of groundwater
Distribution of groundwater
Zone of saturation
All pore spaces in the material are filled with water
Water within the pores is groundwater
Water table – the upper limit of the zone of saturation

9. Features associated with subsurface water
Figure 5.26

10. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Distribution and movement of groundwater
Distribution of groundwater
Porosity
Percentage of pore spaces
Determines storage of groundwater
Permeability
Ability to transmit water through connected pore spaces
Aquitard – an impermeable layer of material
Aquifer – a permeable layer of material

11. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Features associated with groundwater
Springs
Hot springs
Water is 6–9°C warmer than the mean air temperature of the locality
Heated by cooling of igneous rock
Geysers
Intermittent hot springs
Water turns to steam and erupts

12. Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park
Figure 5.29

13. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Features associated with groundwater
Wells
Pumping can cause a drawdown (lowering) of the water table
Pumping can form a cone of depression in the water table
Artesian wells
Water in the well rises higher than the initial groundwater level

14. Formation of a cone of depression in the water table
Figure 5.31

15. Artesian systems
Figure 5.32

16. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Environmental problems associated with groundwater
Treating it as a nonrenewable resource
Land subsidence caused by its withdrawal
Contamination

17. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater
Groundwater is often mildly acidic
Contains weak carbonic acid
Dissolves calcite in limestone
Caverns
Formed by dissolving rock beneath Earth’s surface
Formed in the zone of saturation

18. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater
Caverns
Features found within caverns
Form in the zone of aeration
Composed of dripstone
Calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates
Common features include stalactites (hanging from the ceiling) and stalagmites (growing upward from the floor)

19. Cave Features in Lehman Caves, Great Basin National Park, and Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Figure 5.38

20. Water beneath the surface (groundwater)
Geologic work of groundwater
Karst topography
Formed by dissolving rock at, or near, Earth’s surface
Common features
Sinkholes – surface depressions
Sinkholes form by dissolving bedrock and cavern collapse
Caves and caverns
Area lacks good surface drainage

21. Features of karst topography
Figure 5.39 C

22. End of Chapter 5