1. The solar system and beyond

2. Objectives To explain what makes up the solar system
To explain how scientists overcame challenges to develop the modern concept of the solar system
To understand how modern technological innovations in terms of space travel have added to our understanding of the universe.
To boldly go where no man has gone before!.

3. What is in our solar system
Sun (a star)
Planets
Asteroids
Moons
Comets

4. How is the solar system organised?
Heliocentric = Sun at centre
Planets, asteroids and comets orbiting
Comet orbits highly elliptical
Moons orbit planets

5. Geocentric universe
The idea was codified by an Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy in 1st Century AD but had existed for a long-time
Idea was accepted by the Christian Church and was a tenet of faith by the Middle Ages, as was the fact that the earth
was flat and Jerusalem was the
centre of the Earth.

6. Heliocentric
Proposed as early as the 3rd century BC by Aristarchus of Samos, and subsequently by astronomers in the Seleucid empire in Persia and the late Christian Roman Empire. Also proposed by Indian astronomers
During renaissance times by Copernicus
Observations supporting this made by Kepler
It explained wandering
motion of planets

7. Galileo
Heliocentric universe Supported by Galileo whose telescope allowed him to make better observations including the moons of other planets. He observed phases of planets.
Opposed by the Church. Pope put him under house arrest. Finally pardoned in 1992.
Ideas spread by the new invention printing developing more in Protestant Northern Europe

8. Planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
Can you make a mnemonic to remember these by?
Formed by material from older solar systems captured in the sun’s gravitational field.

9. Other bodies Moons Asteroids or dwarf planets Orbit planets Orbit sun
Material caught in planetary orbit.
Earth has 1
Saturn has 62, Jupiter 63
Not made of Cheese!
Asteroids or dwarf planets
Orbit sun
Wide range of size
Between Mars and Jupiter
Jupiter’s gravity prevented them coalescing to form planets
Other regions of small Solar System bodies include the centaurs, the Kuiper belt and scattered disk, and the Oort cloud
Largest is Pluto

10. Comets Elliptical orbits Balls of ice and crushed rock
As they get near the sun they start to melt
This makes their tail
Spend most of their time far from the sun.
Orbits last many years
Often viewed as bad omens!

11. Space travel 1950s 60s unmanned space flights
1957 Sputnik 1 world’s first satellite.
1961 Yuri Gagarin become first man in space
1962 John Glenn orbits earth
1969 Apollo landing
1972 Last Apollo flight Apollo 17
1981 Space shuttle
2011 Last Space Shuttle Mission

12. Lunar landings

13. Space Probes Luna 16 returned samples from moon
Mariner 10 went to Mercury
Venera 3 the first man-made spacecraft to impact on another planet (Venus).
Mariner 9 to Mars The Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity
ICE First probe to comet.
Genesis First solar wind sample return probe from sun-earth L1.
NEAR Shoemaker First probe to asteroid with landing. Hayabusa: First sample return probe from asteroid.

14. Pioneer 10 First probe to Jupiter.
Pioneer 11 First probe for 2 planets and first probe to Saturn.
Voyager 1 Launched September 5, It is currently still operational, making it the longest-lasting mission of (NASA). It visited Jupiter and Saturn and was the first probe to provide detailed images of the moons of these planets.
Voyager 1 is the farthest human-made object from Earth,
Voyager 2 first probe for 4 planets and first probe to Uranus and Neptune.
Huygens First landing on Titan
New Horizons First probe to be launched to Pluto
Beyond the Solar System
Along with Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and its sister space probe Voyager 2, Voyager 1 is now an interstellar probe. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 have both achieved solar escape velocity, meaning that their trajectories will not return them to the solar system.

16. Space stations Gravity Zero research
Effects of zero gravity on living organisms
Medical research on cells
Detailed surveying of the earth surface
Looking at physical processes in the absence of the influence of gravity
R&D for long term space travel

17. Hubble telescope
High quality images of space Amazing images of the birth of stars Presence of similar solar systems to our own Possible evidence of echoes of the big bang

18. Space Quiz Which was the first Apollo mission to land on the moon?
Name two of the astronauts on the first moon landing
Name the two fleets of space shuttles
From which country does Russia launch its space rockets?
Name a planet that has no moons
On which planet did Luke Skywalker
live as a young man?

19. The Future
What do you think the future holds for space research?