1. Immunity and Infection
Chapter 17

2. The Chain of Infection
Transmitted through a chain of infection (six links)
Pathogen: Disease causing microorganism
Reservoir: Natural environment of the pathogen
Portal of exit: How does it exit reservoir and cause infection
Means of transmission
Direct transmission
Indirect transmission
Vectors: Carrier of the pathogen from one host to another
Portal of entry
Penetration of the skin
Inhalation through mouth or nose
Ingestion
New host 2 2

3. Figure 17.1 The chain of infection

4. The Immune System
Definition: A functional system of diverse molecules, cells and lymphoid tissues that protect the body from foreign substances
Provides Immunity = Resistance to disease
Immunity is Provided In Two Ways:
The Innate (non-specific) Defense System
Adaptive (specific) defense system

5. Innate (nonspecifice) Defense
Characteristics
Responds to an invasion in minutes
Response is the same for all invaders
No memory
Uses two types of barriers:
Surface
Skin
Mucous membranes
Internal
Phagocytes (Ex. macrophages)
Fever
NK cells
Inflammation
Characteristics
Responds to an invasion in minutes
Uses two types of barriers:
Surface
Skin –cells of skin are full of a hard protein called keratin (keratinized cells) act as a physical barrier to microorganisms
-Skin secretions are acidic and inhibit bacterial growth
Mucous membranes – line all body cavities that open to exterior
- some mucosae contain mucus-coated (sticky) hairs that trap foreign debris
Internal
Phagocytes – cells that engulf foreign material
Fever – inhibits growth of microbes
NK cells- promote the death of virus-infected or cancerous cells
Inflammation – When tissue damage occurs (1) chemcials are released that attract WBCs
(2) Chemicals also make more blood flow into injured area (blood contains nutrients and Oxygen required for healing and clotting proteins)
(3) Signs of the inflammatory response are redness, warmth, pain and swelling

6. Adaptive (specific) Defense
Characteristics
It is extremely specific
It is systemic
It has memory
Can distinguish self from non-self
Two arms in Adaptive Defense:
Antibody-mediated immunity
Provided by antibodies (blood)
Cell-mediated immunity
Provided by lymphocytes (WBCs)
Characteristics
It is specific
It is systemic – The response is not limited to the site of infection
It has memory – Every time Immune system responds to an antigen it creates a memory bank so that when the same antigen shows up again, the Immune system fights back stronger and faster
Two arms in Adaptive Defense:
Antibody-mediated immunity
Provided by antibodies (blood, lymph)
Cell-mediated immunity
Provided by lymphocytes (WBCs)

7. Antigens Definition: Substances that cause an immune response
Usually large molecules, not normally present in the body

8. Cells of the Adaptive Defense System
Three important types:
First Type:B lymphocytes
Function:Produce antibodies
Responsible for Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Three important types:
First Type:
B lymphocytes
Produce antibodies
Are responsible for the antibody-mediated response

9. Cells of the Adaptive Defense System
Three important types:
Second Type
T lymphocytes
Do not produce antibodies
Responsible for Cell Mediated Immunity
Three populations:
T helper
T killer
T suppressor
Three important types:
Second Type
T lymphocytes
Do not produce antibodies
Are the cell mediated branch
Three populations of T lymphocytes
T helper
T killer
T suppressor

10. Cells of the Adaptive Defense System
Three important types:
Third Type:
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Engulf & digest Ags. and present the fragments to T lymphocytes
Presentation activates T and B lymphocytes
Ex. Dendritic cells
Three important types:
Third Type:
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Engulf antigens and present the fragments to T lymphocytes
Presentation activates T and B lymphocytes

11. The Immune Response Four phases of the Immune Response: First Phase
Antigens invade the body and replicate
APCs recognize invaders, engulf and digest them
APCs present fragments to T helper cells

12. The Immune Response Four phases of the Immune Response: Second Phase
T helper cells multiply rapidly
T helper cells release cytokines that trigger production of T killer & B lymphocytes
Cytokines = chemicals that stimulate T & B cell production
Ex. Interleukin

13. The Immune Response Four phases of the Immune Response: Third Phase
T killer cells attack foreign cells and infected cells of the body (puncture membranes of target cells)
B lymphocytes produce Abs
Abs bind antigen-bearing targets, marking them for destruction by macrophages
Four phases of the Immune Response:
Third Phase
T killer cells attack foreign cells and infected cells of the body (puncture membranes of target cells)
Foreign cells are recognized by Ags on their surface
B lymphocytes produce Abs
Abs bind antigen-bearing targets, marking them for destruction by macrophages

14. The Immune Response Four phases of the Immune Response: Fourth Phase
Immune response slows
Memory B and T cells are formed
Homeostasis is restored by T suppressor cells
Dead cells, pathogens, etc. are scavenged by WBCs and filtered out by 1) liver 2) spleen 3) kidneys

15. 1. 4. 3.
B cell
T helper
T Killer 2.

16. Immunization Basis of immunization Vaccine Immune system has memory
Immune system retains strength against pathogen
Vaccine
Weakened/killed version of microbe that is administered to stimulate an immune response

17. Immunization Types of vaccines
Active Immunity – a person produces their own antibodies to the microorganism
Passive Immunity - Injection of antibodies produced by other human beings or animals to a person exposed to a disease

18. Types of Pathogens Viruses Nonliving matter
Parasites –hijack enzymes and necessary machinery from its host in order to reproduce
Normal function of cell is disrupted
Different viruses affect different types of cells
This determines seriousness of illness

19. Types of Pathogens Bacteria Single celled organisms
Harmful and helpful bacteria
Harmful bacteria enter body through food/drink
Helpful bacteria in GI tract produce vitamins
Ex. Vitamin K

20. VIRUSES

21. Typical Life Cycle of a Virus
Virus Penetrates cell
Protein coat is removed
Replicates DNA, proteins are made
New protein coat is made, genes are inserted
Viruses exit the cell

22. HIV Viral envelope Viral capsid Retrovirus gp 120, gp 41
Contains RNA & enzymes(aid in the infection process)
Retrovirus
Converts its RNA into DNA

23. HIV and AIDS Human Immunodeficiency (Virus) The virus that causes AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Late stages of HIV infection
Body is no longer able to fight off infection
HIV + individuals suffer from bacterial infections, cancer, TB, etc.
AIDS does not kill you, opportunistic infections do

24. Contracting HIV You CAN get HIV from a person who is infected through:
Sexual contact with an infected person
Sharing needles for drug injection with someone who is infected
Contaminated Blood Products - Donated blood and blood products; Before 1985 donated blood was not tested
Birth - Babies born to HIV-infected women may become infected; or through breast-feeding after birth.

25. HIV and AIDS Diagnosis Treatment ELISA (Blood Test) No known cure
Detects Antibodies against HIV
If positive a CD4+ count is taken
Treatment
No known cure
Antiretroviral medications
Taken every day for the rest of one’s life

26. Autoimmune Diseases Autoimmune diseases
Definition: When the bodies immune system attacks its own tissues
Ex’s. Rheumatoid arthritis, Systemic lupus erythmatosus (Lupus)

27. The Lymphatic System Network of vessels and organs Lymphatic vessels
Pick up excess fluid, proteins, etc. from blood stream
Lymph nodes
Act as filters to remove pathogens
Spleen
Contains cells to destroy old RBCs
Tonsils
Contain lymphocytes
Thymus
T-cells mature here