1. Antiarrhythmic Drugs Types of Cardiac Arrhythmias:
Abnormalities of Impulse Formation:
Rate disturbances.
Ectopic activity.
Abnormalities of Impulse Conduction:
Heart Block Reentry.

3. Causes of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Cardiac Causes:
Ischemic heart disease.
Inflammation.
Trauma e.g. heart surgery.
Congestive heart failure.
Hypotension.

4. Non Cardiac Causes: Electrolyte imbalance. Acid-Base imbalance.
Hypoxia.
Drugs:
Digitalis, Anesthetics, Tricyclic antidepressants Diuretics, Bronchodilators.
G.I. and neural reflexes.

5. Antiarrhythmic drugs have effects on different portions of the cardiac action potential

6. Class 1: Sodium Blockers.
Class 2: Beta blockers.
Class 3: Potassium Blockers.
Class 4 : Calcium Blockers.

7. Nonpharmacologic Therapy
Surgery.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation.
Implantable Cardioverter - Defibrillator (ICD).

8. Class 1 Drugs Na Channel Blockers
Class 1A Drugs Quinidine: Prototype, Antimalarial. Cinchona tree  Antipyretic. Inhibits Na+ channels. Also, inhibits  and muscarinic receptors. Slows upstroke, conduction, and prolongs atrial action potential durations (APD) and QRS duration.

9. Use restricted to patients with normal hearts but have atrial or ventricular arrhythmias.
Occasionally used in acute severe malaria.
Side Effects:
Nausea (18%), Diarrhea (33%).
Headache, Dizziness, and tinnitus= Cinchonism
Hypersensitivity, fever, rash, angioedema.
Thrombocytopenia.
Excessive prolongation of QT interval, slowed conduction and sudden death.
Hypotension.
Serum Digoxin levels.
 Warfarin effects.

10. Class 1B Drugs Lidocaine: High affinity to bind with Na+ channels in ventricles. Acts selectively on ischemic tissue to promote conduction & block reentry. Not effective in atrial arrhythmias.

11. Kinetics: Well absorbed, but ineffective orally, due to first pass effect. Well distributed, including the brain. Side Effects: Least cardiotoxic of the class, except for hypotension with high doses due to depression of the myocardium. CNS: parasthesia, tremor, nausea, slurred speech, and convulsions. Was routinely given to all MI patients to prevent ventricular arrhythmias Class 1C Drugs: Flecainide

12. Propranolol: Class II Drugs beta blockers
Has effective antiarrhythmic activity
well tolerated, and documented to reduce mortality after acute myocardial infarction by reducing arrhythmias.
Decrease slope 4 repolarization.
Prolong repolarization
at AV node.
Increase threshold potential.
Effective in CA induced
arrythmias

13. Esmolol
β1-selective.
Short acting, used in intraoperative and acute arrhythmias.
Given by IV infusion.

14. Class III Drugs: K⁺ channel Blockers.
Amiodarone, Sotalol (β blocker & K ⁺ blocker)
Amiodarone:
Blocks K ⁺ channels and markedly prolongs APD.
Class I actions( i.e. blocks Na+ channels).
Blocks  and  Receptors.
Ca++ blocking actions.
Reserved for life-threatening
atrial & ventricular arrhythmias.
Only slows heart rate and AV
conduction.
Peripheral vasodilator
(only with IV).

15. Class IV Drugs: Calcium channel blockers. Verapamil Diltiazem
Effects more marked in
tissues that fire frequently,
& those dependant on
Ca ⁺ ⁺ (SA node and AV node).
Paroxysmal Supraventricular
Tachycardia.
Vasodilators & have negative
inotropic effects.
Can cause severe AV block in diseased hearts.
Safe: Constipation, gastric discomfort, vertigo, headache, nervousness, pruritus.

16. Adenosine: Miscellaneous Drugs Naturally occurring nucleoside.
Activates inward K ⁺ current &
inhibits Ca ⁺ ⁺ current.
Very short acting (t½ 10 seconds).
 depolarization in SA node.
 AV conduction.
No effect on ventricles.

17. causes a brief blockade of the AV nodal conduction pathway following intravenous administration.
Such a brief AV block can be used therapeutically for reliable termination of AV nodal re-entry tachycardia
90-95% effective in supraventricular tachycardia.
Less effective in the presence of adenosine receptor blockers e.g. theophylline and caffeine.
Can cause very short –lived flushing (20%), chest tightness, AV block, headache, hypotension, nausea, and paresthesia.