1. Hong-Seok Ha1, Jae-Won Huh1, Dae-Soo Kim2, and Heui-Soo Kim1 2
Promoter Activity of LTR Element of the Human FPRL2 Gene
Hong-Seok Ha1, Jae-Won Huh1, Dae-Soo Kim2, and Heui-Soo Kim1 2
1Division of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University
2PBBRC, Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University
Abstract
The human genome is estimated to consist of approximately 8% human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and related sequences. FPRL2 (fomyl peptide receptor-like 2) gene has a solitary LTR (long terminal repeat). The LTR is located between first exon and promoter region of the FPRL2 gene. The FPRL2 gene containing LTR element was expressed in various human tissues except fetal brain and cerebellum. The LTR element was detected in hominoid, Old World monkeys, and New World monkeys except for common marmoset, whereas LINE (long interspersed repetitive element) and SINE (short interspersed repetitive element) elements were detected in prosimian (ring-tailed lemur) and common marmoset. We also examined promoter activity of the LTR element in FPRL2 gene, and discussed its biological role. Taken together, the insertion of retroelements into primate genome could have different biological roles during primate evolution.aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
Results & Discussion
PNU
FPRL2 gene & LTR element
Promoter assay
(A)
FPR1
FPRL1_2
FPRL2
FPRL1_1
(B)
Introduction
Other region
16%
Gene-related Sequence
36%
LINE
20%
SINE
13%
Coding sequence 3%
Pseudogene 1%
HERV element 8%
DNA element
Retroelement
PNU
FPRL2 family
genes
RNA intermediate
- LTR element
+ LTR element
Retroposon
- env
+ env 1
RNA expression
Retrotransposon
- RT
+ RT
Yeast Ty1/copia/truncated HERVs
LTR
ORF1
ORF2
Human THE1
SINE P
Poly(A)
Human Alu
Retrovirus
LINE
gag
pol
env
LTR
Full-length HERVs/exogenous retrovirus
LTR: Long Terminal Repeat
LINE: Long Integrated nuclear element
SINE: Short Integrated nuclear element
HERV: Human Endogenous Retro-Virus
ORF1
ORF2 P
Poly(A) L1
Materials & Methods
PNU
PCR, RT-PCR
BSP
PROMOTER ASSAY
BIOINFOMATICS
IMAGE J
(A)
Luciferase assay
Bisulfite Sequencing PCR
(B)
(C)
Bioinformatics …
ImageJ
References
PNU
Maksakova IA, Mager DL. Transcriptional regulation of early transposon elements, an active family of mouse long terminal repeat retrotransposons. J Viro (22): …
Yang D, Chen Q, Gertz B, He R, Phulsuksombati M, Ye RD, Oppenheim JJ. Human dendritic cells express functional formyl peptide receptor-like-2 (FPRL2) throughout maturation. J Leukoc Biol :
Insertion of LTR54 & Two structures of LTR promoter in primates
Genome Information Lab