1. Do not adjust your set

2. Radiation Safety Induction for Radiology Registrars
John Saunderson
Radiation Protection Adviser
CHH ext (76)1329,

3. Copies of lecture slides

4. Ionising / Non-ionising
Ionising radiations
x-rays
gamma rays (-rays)
beta particles ()
electron beams
alpha particles ()
Not ionising radiations
lasers
ultraviolet (UV)
infrared (IR)
ultrasound
MRI

5. Radiation hazards

6. 700 CANCER CASES CAUSED BY X-RAYS
30 January 2004
700 CANCER CASES CAUSED BY X-RAYS
X-RAYS used in everyday detection of diseases and broken bones are responsible for about 700 cases of cancer a year, according to the most detailed study to date.
The research showed that 0.6 per cent of the 124,000 patients found to have cancer each year can attribute the disease to X-ray exposure. Diagnostic X-rays, which are used in conventional radiography and imaging techniques such as CT scans, are the largest man-made source of radiation exposure to the general population.
Although such X-rays provide great benefits, it is generally accepted that their use is associated with very small increases in cancer risk.
Average X-ray exam dose = 0.5 millisieverts ► 1 in 40,000 risk
UK Radiology = 46 million X-rays per year (2008)

7. Basic Principals of Radiation Protection
Justification
Benefit > risk
Optimisation
Doses as low as reasonably achievable
Limitation
Absolute legal limits for staff and public
Reference levels as guidance for patients.

8. Regulations Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 (IRR17)
Justification, optimisation, limitation
Local rules, radiation protection supervisors
Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2017 (IRMER17)
Referrers, practitioners, operators
Justification & optimisation

9. Organising radiation safety (IRR17)
Controlled Areas
Local Rules
Radiation Protection Supervisor
Radiation Protection Adviser
Radiographer.

10. Controlled Area No-one may enter a controlled area unless
They are a classified person
They are following the local rules/system of work for that area
04/05/2019

11. Organising radiation safety (IRR17)
Controlled Areas
Local Rules
Radiation Protection Supervisor
Radiation Protection Adviser
Radiographer.

12. IRMER Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposures) Regulations 2017
Referrers
allowed to request medical exposure
Trust decides who can e.g. GP, consultant, etc.
Practitioners
Justifies X-ray - decides there is net benefit
Trust decides who can e.g. radiologist
Operator
Performs “practical aspects”
Trust decides who can e.g. radiographer, technician .

13. Administration of Radioactive Substances
5.—(1) A person must hold a valid licence issued by the Licensing Authority if that person—
(a) is an employer, in which case that person must hold a licence in respect of each radiological installation at which radioactive substances are to be administered for such purposes as may be specified in that licence; or
(b) is a practitioner, in which case that person must hold a licence in order to justify, within the meaning of regulation 11 an exposure involving the administration of radioactive substances for such purposes as may be specified in that licence.

14. Radiation in hospitals
Radioactive substances
nuclear medicine
pathology
Radiotherapy
X-ray sources
Radiology
Pathology .

16. Leakage

17. Basic Principles
Time
Distance
Shielding

18. Distance
Double distance = 1/4 dose
Triple distance = 1/9th dose.

19. Shielding

20. Shielding

21. Typical Transmission through Shielding (90 kV)
0.25 mm lead rubber apron  8.5%
0.35 mm lead rubber apron  5%
2 x 0.25 mm apron  2.5%
2 x 0.35 mm apron  1.0%
Double brick wall  0.003%
Plasterboard stud wall  32%
Solid wooden 1” door  81%
Code 3 lead (1.3 mm)  0.1%.

22. Lead Apron Storage Always return to hanger Do not
fold
dump on floor and run trolleys over the top of them!!!
X-ray will check annually
But if visibly damaged, ask X-ray to check them.

23. X-ray Safety Eyewear

25. The End