1. Journal
What gets on your nerves? (10 sentences)

2. The Nervous System Ch. 6

3. The Nervous System Central nervous system Peripheral Nervous system
Made up of brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous system
Branching parts from the spinal cord to all other parts of the body
Nerves get smaller the further away from the spinal cord you are

5. Neurons Long, thin cells of the nerve tissue
Messages travel along “neuron highway”
“All or none” principle
A neuron “fires” at full strength or not at all

6. Parts of the Neuron
Dendrite: protrude from cell body, receive messages (impulses) from other neurons and send them to other parts of the body
Axon: carries messages (impulses) toward axon terminals
Axon terminals: release neurotransmitters to excite dendrites of next neuron
Myelin sheath: fatty substance that protects and insulates the axon, speeds up impulses
-lack of myelin sheath leads to erratic, uncoordinated movements (multiple sclerosis)

7. Types of Neurons Afferent Efferent Interneurons “Sensory neurons”
Relay messages from sense organs to brain
Efferent
“Motor neurons”
Messages from brain to muscles
Interneurons
Process signals to other neurons

8. Firing Across the Synapse
Synapse: gap between nerve cells
Chemicals known as neurotransmitters are released from one dendrite and excite the receptors of the next neuron
Release (or non-release) of different neurotransmitters leads to different emotions
Happiness/learning (dopamine), inhibit pain (endorphin), depression (seratonin)

10. Voluntary vs. Involuntary Activity
Somatic Nervous System
Controls VOLUNTARY activities
Lifting your arms/legs
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls INVOLUNTARY activities
Breathing, heartbeat, digestion
Sympathetic nervous system
Prepares body for emergencies
Increases oxygen supply, speeds heart rate
Parasympathetic nervous system
Tries to conserve energy, recovery
Reduces heart rate, bring body to “resting” state

11. Outside Activity Set yourself up as the nervous system
You must pass the signal (ball) from the brain, down the spinal cord and back to the brain
You must describe the parts of the nervous system as the message is being passed to and from the muscles
What was the final action?
What happens if there is a break in the nervous system?

12. Journal Are you ever in your “right mind?”
If you do not know what this means, answering the following question:
Should sports that are known for concussions and head injuries be televised? What are the implications of (boxing, American football, hockey, UFC, football/soccer)?
10 sentences for either one

13. The Brain (pt. 1)
Parts & Functions
6.2 (p )

14. The Brain

15. Hindbrain Responsible for basic processes
Located at rear base of skull
Parts of the hindbrain:
Cerebellum
Controls posture, balance, VOLUNTARY movement
Medulla
Controls breathing, heart rate, reflexes
Pons
Connects brain and spinal cord; chemicals for sleep

16. The Hindbrain

17. The Midbrain Located just above the pons (hindbrain) Arouses brain
Integrates sensory info
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Part of sleep/wake cycle
Alerts brain to incoming signals

18. The Midbrain

19. The forebrain Responsible for higher thinking processes
Parts of the forebrain
Cerebral cortex (outer layer of forebrain)
Learn and store complex info; conscious thinking
Cerebrum (inner layer of forebrain): emotions
Limbic system:
Hypothalamus: controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, temperature
Thalamus: receives sensory info (except smell), send to cortex
Amygdala: controls rage and fear
Hippocampus: forms memories

20. The Forebrain

21. Lobes of the Brain Name of lobe Responsible for: Occipital lobe Vision
Parietal lobe
Body sensations
Temporal lobe
Hearing, memory, emotion, speaking
Frontal lobe
Organization, planning, creative thinking

22. The lobes

23. Cortexes Somatosensory cortex Motor cortex
Located at back of frontal lobe
RECEIVES info from touch sensors
Number of touch sensors in a body part determines amount of brain tissue associated
Ex: hands have more brain area than bicep
Motor cortex
SENDS info to control body movement
More sophisticated the movement, more brain area

24. Left vs. Right Hemispheres
Cerebrum comprised of 2 sides (hemispheres)
Each hemisphere controls opposite half of body
Left hemisphere controls right side of body, vice versa
Connected by corpus callosum (lots of fibers)
Carries messages between both hemispheres
**Left/Right test:
Left hemisphere functions
Right hemisphere functions
*Right side of body
*Left side of body
*Speech
*Visual, spatial arrangement
*Math, calculation
*Music, art, patterns
*Logic
*Creativity, intuition

25. Brain Hemispheres

26. Split-brain Functioning
Separate the corpus callosum
Hemispheres can no longer “talk” to each other
Done to prevent severity and frequency of seizure patients
Research shows each hemisphere is specialized
Patients retain their intelligence, emotions, and personality

27. Journal
How would your behavior be different if you were to have serious head trauma? (10 sent)
Things to consider as you write:
How did your brain get hurt?
What parts of the brain were affected?
Can you recover?

28. 6.2 (p. 165-168) Problems and solutions to brain damage
The brain (pt. 2)
6.2 (p )
Problems and solutions to brain damage

29. How to study the brain Electroencephalograph (EEG) Stimulate brain
Use electrodes to study electrical activity in the brain (looks at neurons firing)
Stimulate brain
Use electric shock to affect different parts of the brain (can reduce pain, control behavior)
Lobotomy/lesions
Remove or destroy certain parts of the brain
Formerly done to prisoners, behavior issues
Real life accidents
Look at what parts of the brain were affected and see how person’s behavior changed after accident

30. Medical Devices CT (computerized axial tomography) Scan:
Looks at how density of the brain to determine injuries or deterioration
PET (positron emission tomography) Scan:
Uses injected solution to see how much of the solution the brain absorbs
Shows activity of different areas of the brain
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
Looks at brain activity AND structure
Good for identifying tumors

32. Quiz/Test Hints
Be able to explain where each part (lobes, 3 main parts, hemispheres)
What does each part do?
Besides the neuron, what are other parts of the nervous system?
What are their functions?
What are ways to DETECT abnormalities in the brain?
What are ways to STUDY the brain?