1. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 45
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior

2. Outline Nature versus Nurture: Genetic Influences
Nature versus Nurture: Environmental Influences
Learning
Adaptive Mating Behavior
Female Choice
Male Competition
Dominance Hierarchy
Territoriality
Animal Communication
Sociobiology and Animal Behavior
Altruism versus Self-Interest

3. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Genetic Basis
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Behavior - observable and coordinated responses to environmental stimuli
Nature (inherited) versus nurture (environmental) questions are still debated
Genes influence development of neural and hormonal mechanisms controlling behavior
Studies on identical twins separated at birth
Can be used to determine extent of inherited behavior
Sometimes remarkably similar in preferences, taste, personality tests, etc.
Examples: nest building behavior in lovebirds; feeding behavior in garter snakes (inland do not eat slugs, coastal eat slugs)

4. Behavior Undergoes Development
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Behavior Undergoes Development
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Some behaviors seem to be stereotyped
Fixed Action Patterns (FAP’s)
Originally assumed to be elicited by a sign stimulus
Increasingly thought to develop after practice

5. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Associative Learning
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
A change in behavior that involves an association between two events is termed associative learning.
Classical Conditioning
In classical conditioning, the paired simultaneous presentation of two different types of stimuli causes an animal to form an association between them.
This suggests that an organism can be trained (conditioned) to associate any response with any stimulus.
Unconditioned responses are those that occur naturally; conditioned responses are those that are learned.
3.E.1: Avoidance responses
A bird that gets sick after eating a monarch butterfly no longer prey on monarchs

6. The Phenomenon of Learning
Operant Conditioning
Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response corrections
Trick-training in birds
Imprinting
Imitate behavior observed during sensitive period
Goslings follow any moving object after birth

7. The Phenomenon of Learning
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
The Phenomenon of Learning
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Song Learning in Birds
Avian brain is especially sensitive to acoustical stimuli during a sensitive period
Social experience appears to have an even stronger influence over development of singing
3.E.1: Birds songs

8. Pecking Behavior in Laughing Gulls

9. Classical Conditioning

10. Orientation and Migratory Behavior
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Orientation and Migratory Behavior
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Migration is long-distance travel from one location to another.
Loggerhead sea turtles hatch on a Florida beach and then travel across the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean.
Monarch butterflies fly from North America to Mexico so they can continue breeding.
Migration requires orientation, which is the ability to travel in a particular direction, such as south in the winter and north in the spring.
Many birds use the sun during the day or the stars at night to orientate themselves.
Experienced birds can navigate, or be able to change their direction in response to other environmental clues that tell them they are currently headed in the wrong direction.
2.C.2: Hibernation and migration in animals
2.E.2: Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration

11. Starling Migratory Experiment
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Starling Migratory Experiment
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
2.E.3: Migration
3.E.1: Migration patterns

12. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Behavior Is Adaptive
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Sexual selection - Adaptive changes in females and males that lead to differential reproductive success
2.E.3: Courtship

13. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Female Choice
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Courtship displays help males and females recognize each other for successful mating
Good Genes Hypothesis
Females benefit from selective choice by securing sperm with good genes
Run-Away Hypothesis
Females choose mates on the basis of traits that make them attractive to females
2.E.2: Visual displays in reproductive cycle
3.E.1: Courtship and mating behaviors

14. Is access to mating is worth the cost of competition among males
Male Competition
Is access to mating is worth the cost of competition among males
Question is studied by cost-benefit analyses
Do positive effects (benefits) outweigh negative effects (costs)?
If yes
The behavior is evolutionarily stable
The behavior will survive or increase
If no
The behavior is evolutionarily UNstable
The behavior will decrease or disappear

15. Males and females have separate dominance hierarchies
Dominance Hierarchy
Males and females have separate dominance hierarchies
Higher-ranking individuals have greater access to essential resources
Baboons form temporary consort pairs with females
Males may monopolize estrous females
Or may assist females or form friendship groups to secure future matings

16. A Male Olive Baboon Displaying Full Threat

17. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Territoriality
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Territoriality is protecting an area against other individuals
Red Deer Stags (males) compete for groups of hinds (females)
Hinds only mate with one stag
Harem Master must be large and powerful to fight off challengers
Means less body fat
May be more likely to starve in bad times, and have shorter life expectancy
3.E.1: Protection of young
3.E.1: Territorial marking in mammals

18. Competition Between Male Red Deer

19. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Animal Societies
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Society - a cooperative organization that extends beyond sexual and parental interests
The principles of evolutionary biology can be applied to the study of social behavior in animals.
It is based on a reproductive cost-benefit analysis of the value of living in a society.
There are both benefits and costs to living in a social group.
Only if the benefits, in terms of reproductive success, outweigh the disadvantages will societies evolve.
3.E.1: Pack behavior in animals
3.E.1: Colony and swarming behavior in insects
3.E.1: Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in animals

20. Advantages
Advantages to living in a social group might include help to avoid predators, to raise young, and to find food.
A group of impalas has more eyes to see approaching predators, etc.
Many fish moving rapidly in a school can distract a predator.
The trumpet manucode (a bird) pair bonds for life; both sexes are needed to raise the young.
Weaver birds form giant colonies to protect them from predators.
Primate members signal the group when they find a bountiful fruit tree.
Lions working together can capture larger prey, such as a zebra or buffalo.

21. Disadvantages
There are also disadvantages to living in a social group.
Disagreements occur between members over the best feeding places and resting sites.
Among red deer, subordinate females are at a disadvantage in producing more prolific sons.
Primate grooming may be necessary to keep them healthy since parasites spread easily in groups.

22. The Queen Ant

23. Altruism versus Self-Interest
Behavior that involves a reduction in direct fitness
Loss may be compensated by an increase in indirect fitness
Inclusive fitness includes
Reproductive fitness of self, and
Reproductive fitness of relatives
Genetic relatedness may underlie many/most acts of apparent altruism

24. Inclusive Fitness

25. Communicative Behavior
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Communicative Behavior
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Communicative Behavior
Chemical
Pheromones designate chemical signals that are passed between members of the same species
Auditory
Faster than chemical communication
Can be modified by loudness, pattern, repetition, and duration
Visual
Used by species active during the day
Contests between males make use of threat postures
Saves energy by avoiding fighting
2.E.2: Release and reaction to pheromones
3.D.1: Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways
3.E.1: Predator warnings

26. Use of a Pheromone

27. Communicative Behavior
Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Communicative Behavior
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Tactile
Occurs when one animal touches another
Gull chicks peck at the parent’s beak in order to induce the parent to feed them
Foraging honeybees
Return to the hive and perform a waggle dance
Indicates the distance and direction of a food source
3.E.1: Bee dances
3.E.1: Foraging in bees and other animals
The optimal foraging model states that it is adaptive for foraging behavior to be as energetically efficient as possible. For example, shore crabs eat intermediate-sized mussels because the net energy gain was more than if they ate larger-sized mussels.

28. Grooming Among Baboons

29. Communication Among Bees

30. Sociobiology and Animal Behavior
Applies the principles of evolutionary biology to the study of behavior in animals
Assumes individuals derive benefits from living in a society that outweigh costs
Advantages include
reproductive success
Predator avoidance
Assistance in rearing offspring
Finding food

31. Sociobiology and Animal Behavior
Societal Disadvantages
Crowding
Resource allocation
Spread of disease

32. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Nest Helpers
Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Green Wood-hoopoes
One breeding pair per flock
Other sexually mature members may help feed and protect fledglings and protect the home territory
Helper is contributing to survival of its own kin
Helper is more likely than nonhelper to inherit parental territory
3.E.1: Parent and offspring interactions

33. Biology, 9th ed, Sylvia Mader
Chapter 45
Ending Slide Chapter 45
Animal Behavior
Animal Behavior