1. Internet Of Things for Smart Grid: Challenges and Opportunities
Dr. Eng. Imed Ben Dhaou
Qassim university, Saudi Arabia
Member of IGRID Project (KTH, Sweden)
Senior Member IEEE
Vice-chair IEEE ComSoc, Saudi Section

2. Agenda Legacy grid Smart Grid Architecture (NIST and EU framework)
Communication Requirements for Smart Grid
Internet of Things
Applications of IoT in
HAN
Monitoring of transmission line
Substation automation
Open Issues
Summary

3. Legacy Electricity Grid
Feeder
Step-up transformer
Step-down transformer
Bulk Generation: Coal, Conventional Combined Cycle Gas, Nuclear, hydro, Conventional Combustion Turbine Gas, etc.

4. Problems associated with the legacy grid
Centralized generation
High carbon dioxide footprint (polluting)
One-way communication (from generation to the consumer)
Manual operations and restoration
Hierarchical
Included few sensors
Blind
Inefficient
Limited control, etc.

5. Smart-grid In 2007, the US congress coined the term “smart grid”
Features of the smart grid are:
Wide scale deployment of ICT to shape-up performance, reliability, and trustworthiness of the utility grid
dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources
integration of effective renewable energy resources
endorsement of advanced demand response scheme
amalgamation of smart technologies for controlling and monitoring the grid operations
integration of cutting-edge electricity storage and peak-abatement technologies
consolidation of intelligent appliances
purveying consumers with timeous information and
control options
development of standards for communication and interoperability of appliances and equipment
battling barriers and obstacles that prevent the adoption of smart grid technologies, practices, and services.

6. Pillars of the smart grid
Protection which involves:
Reliability,
Failure prediction and preservation
Security and privacy
Management which includes but not limited to:
Energy efficiency and demand side management
Assets and cost optimization using a plethora of techniques and algorithms
Smart infrastructure that is composed of three pillars:
Energy (generation, T&D, micro-grid, DER, etc.)
Information (metering & measurement, data analytics, etc.)
Communication (wireless, wire, short-range, wide-area, etc.)

7. Smart Grid: NIST Framework
Provides real-time pricing to the end-user
Supervises the electricity flow
provides services to customers and utilities
Generates and stores, energy
Carries, stores and generates electricity
Stores, consumes, generates, and manages energy
Distributes, generates
and stores electricity

8. European Conceptual Model
The NIST model does not articulate the integration of distributed energy resources.
Source: CEN-CENELEC-ETSI Smart Grid Coordination Group, 2012

10. Communication technologies: Classifications
Data rate
Low data
Medium data rate
High data rate
Coverage area
Wide area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan area network (MAN)
Local area network (LAN)
Communication medium
Wireless
Wireline
Ownership
Proprietary network
Public network

11. Types of communication network (literature survey)
Home area network (HAN)
It is located in residential area
Connects all electrical appliances with the smart meter
Enables the implementation of demand response scheme, load-shedding, etc.
Business area network (BAN): its features are similar to HAN
Neighboring area network (NAN): is a network responsible for connecting HANs and BANs
Wide area network (WAN): connects all NANs to the utility company to exchange information, commands, configurations, etc.

12. I. Ben Dhaou et al., 2017

13. HAN Technologies Technology Coverage Data rate Remarque Zigbee
Up to 100 m
250 Kbps
Low-power, low data rate, low latency, fast network setup (30ms), open standard
PLC
Up to 1 Km
Up to 100 Mbps
low-mobility, harsh, proprietary standard
WIFI
Up to 100 Mpbs
High complexity, high power consumption, setup needs between 3 and 5 sec, open standard
6LowPAN
Up to250 Kbps
Low-power consumption, IP network, etc. IR
up to 10m
Up to 16 Mbps
Requires LOS, low-power consumption,

14. WAN Technologies WAN is used to: Connect HAN to the utility
Link substations to the control center
Monitoring of the overhead transmission lines

15. Smart grid services: substation
Latency
Bandwidth
Main drivers
Preferred network
Synchrophasor ms
2-5 Mbps
PMUs
Private
Physical security
2 sec
4Mbps
Surveillance cameras
private
SCADA
2-4 sec
10-30 Kbps
Number of points

16. Smart grid services: AMI
Latency
Bandwidth
main drivers
Preferred network
Connects and disconnects
5 sec
500 Kbps
Grid status
private
Meter Readings
variable
10 Kbps / meter
number of meters

17. Smart grid services: Distribution
Latency
Bandwidth
Main drivers
Preferred network
FLIR
2-4 sec
10-30 Kbps
circuit complexity
private
Volt/ var optimization ms
2-5 Mbps
feeders
Asset management
2 sec
5 Mbps
number of assets
Workforce access
150 ms
250 Kbps
cameras
commercial

18. Smart grid services: Corporate
Latency
Bandwidth
Main drivers
Preferred network
Business Video
250 ms
Mbps
cameras
commercial
IP Telephony
150 ms
1-5 Mbps
employees
Wireless
1 sec
variable
IP Radio
200 ms
250 Kbps
field employees

19. Communication technologies for WAN
Technology
Standard
Data rate
distance
Comments
PLC
BB-PLC and NB-PLC
1kbps-10Mpbs
1.5 km (NB)-150 Km (BB)
Low-cost, high signal attenuation, vulnerable to high-voltage perturbation,
Fiber optic
BPON (ITU-T G.983)
155–622 Mbps
20–60 km
Installation and maintenance costs are high, immune against EM perturbation, broadband, etc.
DSL
HDSL , ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+, VDSL, and VDSL2
Mbps
1.5 Km-7km
Widely available and mature, unsuitable for backhaul network 2G
GSM , GPRS, CSD, HSCSD , EDGE
236 kbps
5 km
Widely available, Low-data rate. Etc. 3G
UMTS, W-CDMA, FOMA( Japan), HSPA, HSPA+
384kbps-14.4Mpbs
Up to 60 km
Widely available, mature, open standard, low-power consumption, mobile internet, needs stronger security, suffers from congestions, etc. 4G
WiMAX, LTE, LTE-Advanced
86Mbps-1Gbps
1.6 – 9.7 km 5G
Not defined
>10Gbps
Undefined
Undefined, needs a settling time, low-latency, support mobile internet

20. Internet of Things It is an evolution of the WSN.
In the IoT paradigm, humans as well as machines are connected seamlessly
It is a rapidly growing network of things.
IoT is the enabling technologies for:
E-health
Manufacturing
Transportation
Retail
Finance
E-governance

22. Key facts (Forbes report )
By 2020, the IoT market will reach 457 billion of USD (1.7 trillion SAR)
Energy industry, manufacturing and transportation will be the leading market segment for IoT

23. Smart city and Internet of Things
Smart city: 74 indicators
Smart economy
Smart mobility
Smart governance
Smart environment
Smart living
Smart people

24. Home energy management system using IoT
In developing countries, over 40% of the energy is consumed in residential area
Internet access in residential areas is widely available
Smart grid supports dynamic pricing model
Home appliances can be categorized as
Critical (e.g. Light bulbs, air conditioning)
Non-critical (e.g. washing machines, coffee makers)
Load shedding and scheduling algorithms need to take advantage of the dynamic pricing policies.
The South Korean government has mandated the deployment of Building energy management system (BEMS) in new buildings.
In South Korea, building larger than square meters must include 20% of renewable energy.

26. HEMS using IoT This solution uses Zigbee.
For larger building, the latency is higher than 300 ms

27. Smart Plug IoT
The plug is responsible for control and monitoring of the appliance
The plug communicates with the smart meter to:
Report the instantaneous power consumption
To switch on/off the appliance
Commercially existing plugs can be controlled using smart-phone (apps) and can adjust the appliance based on the user location and activities (through social network)

28. Commercial IoT smart plug

30. IoT Smart meter
To manage the electricity consumption according with the grid policy
To forecast and regulate energy consumption
To level-up the grid service via profiling
To prevent energy theft 
To monitor micro-generation and track renewable power 

31. Dynamic pricing: Real life

32. Power Transmission line monitoring using IoT
Transmission lines have two current ratings: normal and emergency.
Temperature affects the ampacity of the transmission line.
Static line ratings have been widely used in aging grid technologies
Overhead transmission lines are affected by:
Ambient temperature.
Solar radiation.
Wind velocity.
Age of the conductor.
Tolerable temperature range.
Acceptable losses of strength.
Dynamic line rating should be used for maximum power efficiency
IoT is the enabling technology for transmission line monitoring

33. IoT Architecture and Sensor Technologies
Sentient Energy, 2017
Lindsey, 2017
Can monitor a 35kV transmission line.
It is a Linux-powered embedded system
Uses EM for energy harvesting
Supports multiple wireless communication protocols (2G, 3G, Bluetooth, LTE, etc.)
Sensor with embedded system
Supports satellite communication
Information are sent to the cloud.

34. Cloud computing
(IoT)
Application layer
Perception layer

35. Substation Automation
Substations are composed of switchgears, power transformers, circuit breakers, fuses, capacitors, voltage regulators, lighting arresters, meters, etc.
There are three principle types of substations:
Transmission substation
Distribution substation
Switching substation
Substations insure the following vital functionalities:
Protection
Control
Power stability via reactive power compensations and other techniques
Load shedding
Switching operations

36. Substation automation (First Generation)
SCADA system/ HMI
The first generation of substation aims to ferry operational data to SCADA.
A proprietary protocols are used within the substation
The first generation of substation suffers from, among others,
the interoperability problem
The master monopolizes the control
The architecture doesn’t support event-driven data communication
Slaves communicate through the master
Substation automation system is configured offline
Master unit
Slave units
Switchgear

37. Second generation of substation
Substation needs to have a, reliable, standardized, deterministic and low-latency protocol for device-to-device (m2m) communication
The advances in sensor, communication and control technologies have enabled the deployment of IEDs, Intelligent Electronic Devices, in base stations
To address the interoperability issues and to meet the communication requirements at the substation, IEC 61850, has been proposed and approved
Multi-agent systems have been proposed as a substitute for the SCADA system
IEC have enabled the connection of IEDs to the internet

38. Challenges in IoT for Smart Grid
The connected things need to supports IPv6 (128-bit) which is a challenge for resource constrained devices (e.g. sensors)
IEDs do not support IPV6
Qos and security bottlenecks
The communication protocols at the substation needs to be both reliable and predictable
The IoT should solve the issues associated with interoperability
The security solutions for could services should meet the NERC CIP requirements

39. Summary Smart grid is the second generation of the utility grid
It is a complex system
Information and communication technologies are the corner stone for the smart-grid
Internet of Things offers plenty of opportunities in
Home energy management system
Monitoring of transmission line
Substation automation
There are still some issues and concerns to use IoT in smart grid
Security and privacy
Interoperability
QoS

40. References: IGRID project