1. International Security and Peace
Causes of War: Realism vs. Liberalism
Prof. Jaechun Kim

2. Some Caveats of LOA Realism Liberalism Neo realism Classical realism
Different theories within one level of analysis…
Realism
Liberalism
3rd level
BOP
Neo realism
Interdependence
Neo liberalism
2nd level
1st level
Classical realism
Classical liberalism

3. REALIST VS. LIBERALIST THEORY OF WAR AND PEACE
Two paradigms are based on different world views…
REALISM
More dominant than Liberalism…
Thucydides ; Machiavelli in the 16th c ; T. Hobbes in the 17th c ; H. Morgenthau and K. Waltz in the 20th c.
Not a unified theory; Doyle – there are 4 strands of Realism

4. FUNDAMENTAL TENETS OF REALISM AND LIBERALISM
State of Nature according to REALISM  State of War; Default is war…!
“ War of All against All” (Hobbes, Leviathan)
How did the human beings escape from this situation?
Natural State of International Politics according to REALISM
 Permanent State of War among States ;
Anarchy

5. Anarchy  Self-help  Security Dilemma (unintended consequence) = Prisoner’s Dilemma甲
C D C 乙
D DC > CC > DD -3
-20
-10

6.  Constant Possibility of War
 Temptation to Strike First
growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta made the war inevitable… “Peloponnesian War” by Thucydides…
 Constant Possibility of War
 War : Logical Endpoint of Anarchical Int’l System
 “Wars take place because there is nothing to stop it!” – K. Waltz
*Classical realists – wars break out because people are greedy…

7. Liberalism Natural State of World Politics according to Liberalism
 Heterogeneous State of War and Peace
Why?
Natural Law  Natural Rights and Duties, John Locke

8. FUTURE OF WORLD POLITICS AND HOW TO SECURE PEACE
Realism
Pacific Int’l Order, Impossible
Constant Possibility of War
 Balance of Power; Realpolitik.
Liberalism
Global Peace, Possible
War can Become Obsolete
Peace based on balance of power is not stable
 Promote Democracy ; Interdependence; Int’l institutions and
Law
 Perpetual Peace (Kant)

9. ANALYTIC ASSUMPTIONS The aim of the states?
- Power and Security (Realist)
- More than Power and Security (Liberalist)
States
- Functionally similar units (R)
- They are different
National Interests?