1. Humidity Sensing in Drosophila
Anders Enjin, Emanuela E. Zaharieva, Dominic D. Frank, Suzan Mansourian, Greg S.B. Suh, Marco Gallio, Marcus C. Stensmyr 
Current Biology 
Volume 26, Issue 10, Pages (May 2016)
DOI: /j.cub
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2. Current Biology 2016 26, 1352-1358DOI: (10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.049)
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3. Figure 1 Innate Humidity Preference in Drosophilids
(A) Schematic drawing of our humidity-preference assay. The arena uses the hygroscopic features of super-saturated salt solutions to create niches with different humidity levels. Forty-eight-well plates, filled with salt solutions, are covered by a fine nylon mesh for the flies to walk on without being able to reach the liquid in the wells. Flies are placed in the arena and provided with the choice between two different RH ranges, while a camera images their position for 4 hr.
(B) Example humidity and temperature traces measured from the arena with saturated solutions of LiCl and NaCl.
(C) Example humidity and temperature traces measured from the arena with saturated solutions of NaCl and KH2PO4.
(D and E) Humidity-preference index of male Canton-S flies tested in the arena with RH 20% versus RH 70% (D) and RH 70% versus RH 85% (E). Shaded areas represent SEM.
(F) Drawings of D. teissieri and D. mojavensis.
(G and H) Humidity-preference index after 4 hr of D. melanogaster, D. teissieri, and D. mojavensis tested in a humidity-preference arena with RH 20% and RH 70% (G) and RH 70% and RH 85% (H).
(I) Humidity-preference index of w1118 CS, wtrw1, and nan36a tested in a humidity-preference arena with RH 20% and RH 70%.
(J) Humidity-preference index of Orco2, IR8a1, and IR25a2.
(K) Humidity-preference index of IR93aMI05555 and nSyb>IR40aRNAi and genetic background controls. See also Figure S1A.
(L) Overview of the temperature-preference assay.
(M) Temperature-avoidance index of w1118 CS, IR25a2, IR93aMI05555, and nSyb>IR40aRNAi. See also Figure S1B.
Humidity preference was tested with one-sample t test, theoretical mean 0; p < 0.05 was considered significant. Differences between w1118 CS and wtrw1 or nan36a were tested with one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; b denotes p < The edges of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, thick lines mark the medians, and whiskers represent data range. Temperature-avoidance index values were compared by ANOVA; asterisks denote a significant difference between the mutant and genetic background control (w1118 CS), p < nSyb>IR40aRNAi scores were compared by two-way ANOVA with relevant nSyb-Gal4/+ and UAS-IR40aRNAi/+ controls (Figure S1B), demonstrating no significant interaction; error bars indicate mean ± SEM. P.I., preference index.
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4. Figure 2
IR93a and IR40a Are Required in Sacculus Chambers I and II for Humidity-Preference Behavior
(A) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) micrograph of a section of the third antennal segment transecting the sacculus. This structure is composed of three chambers (I–III), each housing sensilla with distinct morphology.
(B) TEM micrograph showing a no-pore sensillum basiconicum in chamber I of the sacculus. Each sensillum is innervated by two or three neurons, whose outer dendritic segments completely fill the lumen.
(C) Maximum-intensity projection of cuticular autofluorescence showing the outline of the sacculus.
(D) Three-dimensional model of the sacculus based on (C), and quantification of sensilla in chambers I and II. The edges of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, thick lines mark the medians, and whiskers represent data range.
(E and F) Maximum-intensity projection of antennae from IR25a>GFP (E) and IR40a>GFP (F). Insets show arista. See also Figure S2.
(G) Three-dimensional reconstruction of cells innervating the sacculus in IR25a>GFP, IR40a>GFP, VT044927>GFP, and VT Gal4/IR40a-Gal4>GFP.
(H) Humidity-preference index of IR25a>IR40aRNAi, IR40a>IR40aRNAi, VT044927>IR40aRNAi, rescue of IR93a (UAS-IR93a;IR93aMI05555/Df(IR93a), VT Gal4), and genetic background controls. The edges of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, thick lines mark the medians, and whiskers represent data range.
Preference was tested with one-sample t test, theoretical mean 0, p < 0.05, light boxplots; dark boxplots indicate no significant preference.
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5. Figure 3
Calcium Responses in the Posterior Antennal Lobe to Humidity Stimuli
(A and B) Maximum-intensity projection from the posterior antennal lobe (PAL) of IR25a>GFP brain focusing on Arm (A) and Column (B). Hot and cold glomeruli of the PAL are also visible (A).
(C–E) Maximum-intensity projection from the PAL of IR40a>GFP brain focusing on Arm (C) and Column (D) with an overview (E).
(F) Maximum-intensity projection of the antennal lobe from IR25a>CaMPARI(V398D) flies following photoconversion during dry-air stimulation. See also Figure S3A.
(G) Close-up of Arm and Column showing non-photoconverted (green) and photoconverted (magenta) IR25a>CaMPARI(V398D) structures in response to dry stimulus.
(H) Boxplot showing quantification of photoconversion (ΔF/Fgreen) in response to dry stimulus in Arm and Column glomeruli of IR25a>CaMPARI(V398D) flies. The edges of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, thick lines mark the medians, and whiskers represent data range.
(I) Single-optical-plane micrograph from the antennal lobe of an IR40a>GCaMP6m fly.
(J) Pseudocolored single-optical-plane micrograph from IR40a>GCaMP6m flies responding to dry-air stimulus.
(K and L) Averaged traces from Arm (K) and Column (L) of IR40a>GCaMP6m flies stimulated with dry or humid air. Shaded areas represent SEM. Gray bars represent stimulus duration (5 s). See also Figures S3B–S3D.
(M) Boxplot of median peak value to a dry stimulus in Arm of IR25a>GCaMP6m, IR25a>GCaMP6m+IR40aRNAi, and IR25a>GCaMP6m+IR93aMI Differences between mutant and control were tested with one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction. b denotes p < 0.01, p =
(N) Averaged traces from Arm and Column of IR40a>GCaMP6m flies stimulated with 10% DEET. Shaded areas represent SEM. The gray bar represents stimulus duration (5 s).
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6. Figure 4
Calcium Responses in the Posterior Antennal Lobe to Temperature Stimuli
(A) Schematic illustration of the PAL and pseudocolored heat maps of response in the PAL to cooling or heating stimuli of IR25a>GCaMP6m flies.
(B–E) Averaged traces of calcium responses from PAL glomeruli stimulated with moderate (∼3°C) or large (∼8°C) temperature stimuli (for each panel, n = 3–5 animals). Baseline temperature for all stimuli is similar (∼25°); temperature traces have been systematically offset for illustrative purposes only. Shaded areas represent SD.
(B) Averaged traces of responses from Arm of IR25a>GCaMP6m flies stimulated with (left) moderate hot and cold and (right) large cold stimuli. See also Figure S4.
(C) Averaged traces of responses from Column of IR25a>GCaMP6m flies stimulated with moderate hot and cold temperature stimuli. See also Figure S4.
(D) Averaged traces of responses from cold (VP3) glomerulus of IR25a>GCaMP6m flies stimulated with moderate temperature stimuli.
(E) Averaged traces of responses from hot (VP2) glomerulus of IR25a>GCaMP6m flies stimulated with moderate temperature stimuli.
(F) Temperature-avoidance index of IR25a>Kir2.1, IR40a>Kir2.1, and UAS-Kir2.1.
(G) Humidity-preference index of IR40a>Kir2.1 and UAS-Kir2.1.
Temperature-avoidance index values were compared by two-way ANOVA; the asterisks in (F) denote a significant interaction between the Gal4 and UAS transgenes, p < 0.01; error bars indicate mean ± SEM. Humidity preference was tested with one-sample t test, theoretical mean 0; asterisks in (G) denote a P.I. significantly different from 0, p < The edges of the boxes are the first and third quartiles, thick lines mark the medians, and whiskers represent data range.
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