1. Designed by/ Abd El Wadoud
ENGLISH PHONETICS
&
PHONOLOGY
Designed by/ Abd El Wadoud

2. Hi again ,
Today we have “ English Phonetics & Phonology”,
I hope it gets your pleasure…..
yours,
Abdou

3. ENGLISH PHOETICS & PHONOLOGY
Phonetics :is the general study of the characteristic
of human speech sounds.
Phonology : studies the characteristic of human
speech sounds of one particular language.
HOW TO PRONOUNCE: the air flows out from
the lungs through the vocal track and vibrates the
vocal cords.

4. VOWELS & COSONANTS: English has 44 sounds. Divided into two types :
a. Consonant sounds: voiced & voiceless.
b. Vowel sounds : pure vowels & diphthongs.
The differences between vowels & consonant:-
Vowels: sounds produced with the obstruction of the air in the vocal track.
Consonants: : sounds produced without the obstruction of the air in the vocal track
The differences between voiced & voiceless consonants:-
*Voiced consonants produced with the vibration of the vocal cords .
* Voiceless consonants produced without the vibration of the vocal cords, but the
breath flows out from the mouth.

5. :c c Sounds(44) /b/ /d/ /g/ /ð/ /v/ /z/ /d /3/ /r/ /j/ /w/ /ŋ/ /n/ /m/
Vowels (20)
Consonants (24)
Pure vowels(12)
Diphthongs(8)
Voiceless(9)
Voiced(15)
/b/
/d/
/g/
/ð/
/v/
/z/ /d
/3/
/r/
/j/
/w/
/ŋ/
/n/
/m/
/l/
/p/
/t/
/k/
/Ө/
/f/
/s/
/t∫/
/∫/
/h/
Short(7)
Long(5)
Centerin
Closing
{ends with /ə/}
{ends with /u/, /i/}
/i/
/D/
/u/
/æ/
/ə/
/ Λ/
/e/
/i:/
/ /
/u:/
/a:/
/3:/
/iə/
/eə/
/uə/
/ei/
/ i/
/ai/
/əi/
/au/ :c c 3/

6. HOW TO DESCRIBE THE CONSONANTS
SOUNDS:-
Consonants can be described according to :
1. VOICING :-whether voiced or voiceless.
2. THE MANNAR OF ARTICULATION :-
a. Plosive : p, b, t, d, g.
b. Fricative : f, v, Ө, ð, s, z, ∫ ,З, h.
c. Affricative: t ∫, d З.
d. Lateral: l.
e. Nasal: m, n,. ŋ
f . Approximant: w, r, j.

7. 3. THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION:-
- Bilabial: p, b, w ,m.
- Labio-dental: f, v.
- Dental: Ө, ð.
- Alveolar: t, d, s, z, n, l.
- Palato- alveolar: ∫, З, t∫, dЗ, r.
- Palatal: j.
- Velar: k, g, ŋ.
- Glottal: h.

8. The Place of Articulation
Table of English Consonant Phonemes
The Place of Articulation
Front Back
glottal
velar
palatal
Palato-alveolar
alveolar
dental
Labio-detal
Bilabial
K g
t d
P b
plosive
t∫ dЗ
affricative h
∫ З
s z
Ө ð
f v
fricative ŋ n m
nasal l
lateral j r w
approximant
Manner of Articulation

9. e :c æ Vowels can be described according to:
1. SHAPE OF LIPS:- rounded, unrounded.
2. SHORT OR LONG
3. POSITION : i: u: i u 3: e :c ə Λ D æ a:

10. VOWELS DESCRIPTOIN /i:/ long close high front unrounded.
/i/ short close high front unrounded.
/u:/ long close high back rounded.
/u/ short close high back rounded .
/e/ short mid front unrounded.
/æ/ short open low front unrounded.
/ə/ short mid centering unrounded.
/a:/ long open low back unrounded.
/D/ short open low back rounded.
/ / long mid back rounded .
/3:/ long mid high centering unrounded.
/Λ/ short mid low centering unrounded. :c

11. HOW TO DESCRIBE MIXED VOWELS:-
First , what are mixed vowels?
Mixed vowels are vowels composed of two or three pure vowels, vowels composed
of two pure vowels called diphthongs and vowels composed of three pure vowels
called tripthongs.
What are trpithongs?
trpithongs are closing diphthongs and /ə/ :
/ei/+ /ə/ = /eiə/ as in player /pleiə/
/ i/ + /ə/ = / i ə/ as in oil / iəl/
/ai// + /ə/ = /aiə/ as in fire /faiə/
/əu/ + /ə/ = /əuə/ as in slower /sləuə/
/au/ +/ə/ = /auə/ as in our /auə/
We can describe the diphthongs as the following :
The tongue starts from the position of vowel / - / and it glides into the position of
the vowel / - / in the mouth.
e.g. / ai/ : the tongue starts from the position of vowel / - / and it glides into the
position of the vowel / a/ in the mouth. tongue starts from the position of vowel
/ - / and it glides into the position of the vowel / i / in the mouth. c c c

12. I.P.A (International Phonetics association or alphabet )
Transcription
I.P.A (International Phonetics association or alphabet )
Transcription: is a system of symbol in which each symbol stands for one and only
one symbol.
There are two types of transcription:
a. Narrow Transcription: transcription with so many aspects of English pronunciation .
It is put into two brackets.
e.g. put [put]
b. Board Transcription: transcription with less aspects of English pronunciation. It is
put into two slant lines.
e.g. put /put/ h

13. The Nature of Syllable
Syllable: is a sound or group of sounds with a vowel..
Parts of Syllable
Termination (coda)
Onset
Centre
Onset: consonant sound(s) preceding the vowel sound in a syllable.
Centre: is the vowel sound in a syllable.
Termination (coda) : consonant sound(s) following the vowel sound in a syllable.
e.g. anthropology /æn Өrə pD lə dЗi/
The word above has five syllable, the first syllable /æn/ consists of the vowel /æ/ and
coda /n/ and no onset , however the second / Өrə/ consists of onset / Өr/ and the vowel
/ə/ and no coda.
We can know the number of syllable in a word by knowing the number of the vowel
sounds in that word.

14. Notes:
- The initial syllable may begins with vowel, but other syllables must begins with
consonants .
- If there are two neighboring consonants in a word :
if there is a word begins with these consonants we can’t separate them ,but if three is
not we should separate them:
e.g. willingly wil-lin-gly {we can’t put borderline between (g) and (l) because there is a
word begins with (gl) glue}
inside in-side { we must separate (n) from (s) because there is no word in English
begins with (ns).
-If we have two similar letters we should separate them:
e.g. willing wil-ling

15. The Nature of Stress Note
Stress: is the power that we put on the syllable to make it longer and stronger , i.e. to
make the syllable prominent distinguished.
- One word syllables stressed .
- Two word syllable , one of them is stressed.
- Three word stressed , one of them stressed and others are weakened.
- Four / five word syllables, two are stressed ; one is primary stressed and the other is
secondary.
* : words of four / five syllables, the primary and secondary stress are:
the first syllable & the third.
the second & the fourth.
the third & the fifth .
They must be separated by a weakened syllable.
Note

16. STRESS PLACEMENT
There are four items decide the place of stress:
1. Grammar : lexical & functional word.
2. Word class .
3. Number of syllables.
4. Morphology : simple & complex.

17. Lexical & Functional Words
Almost the functional words are weakened. But in four situation they are given
stress :
1. If they are at the end of the sentence:
e.g. It is 'you.
2. When they are contrasted :
e.g. It is from 'him not to 'him..
3. When they are emphasis :
e.g. It’s 'him who told me.
4. When they are cited or quoted:
e.g. You never put “'and” at the end of a sentence.

18. Word class & Number of syllable:-
The word with syllable:- is stressed .
Words with two syllables :-
_ Verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, nouns : if the final syllable is having long vowel
or diphthong or ends with more than one consonant, we get it stress . If it’s not check
the syllable before.
Words with three syllables :-
_ Verb , adverb : start checking the final syllable, if it is having long vowel or
diphthong or ends with more than one consonant, we get it stress . If it’s not check
_ Nouns , adjective : start checking the first syllable, if it is having long vowel or
the next syllable.

19. Complex Words:- _ Some suffixes carry the stress: ese Ja pa'nese ain
ee re fu 'gee
eer {carry the stress} mou n tia 'neer
ette ci ga 'rette
eque picturesque
_ Some suffixes don’t effect in the stress of the original word.
ish 'de vi lish
ing co 'cer ning
ful ‘beau ti ful
en {don’t effect} 'spo ken
age 'an cho rage
able 'com for ta ble
al re 'fu sal

20. is the syllable preceded
_ Some suffixes don’t carry the stress, but effect in the stress of the word, i.e. words
end with these suffixes , the syllable preceded these suffixes carries the stress:
eous ad van 'ta geous
graph pho 'to graph
ail pro 'ver bial
ic cli 'ma tic
(s/t )ion in for 'ma tion
ion per 'fec tion
ent pro 'mi nent
ance im' por tance
ive re 'fle xive
_ Some words end with the suffixes below , count three syllable from the end of the
word, the third is stressed (antipenttimate):
ity ly y
The stressed syllable
is the syllable preceded
the suffixes
** Prefixes never effect in the stress of the word at all.

21. Compound Word:-
The general rule is the first element carry the stress . But sometimes the
stress moves to the second element :
_ If the first element is a number.
e.g. four-'wheels.
_ If the first element is adjective and the second ends with (ed).
e.g. bad-'tempered.
_ If the compound word is functioned as an adverb.
e.g. South-'East.
_ If the compound word is functioned as a verb.
e.g. ill-'treat.

22. ( words similar in spelling , different in meaning)
Word Class Pairs
( words similar in spelling , different in meaning)
Noun _ verb :
If it’s used as a noun, the first syllable given stress.
If it’s used as a verb, the second syllable given stress.
e.g. ' de sert (n.)
de'sert (v.)
Adjective _ Verb:
If it’s used as an adjective, the first syllable given stress.
e.g. 'Per fect (adj.)
per 'fect (v.)

23. The Aspects of Connected Speech (Fluency)
Juncture
is the pause that we put between certain sounds to distinguish between
phrases in meaning.
e.g. an aim /ən 'eim/ & a name /ə 'neim/ in writing we can distinguish between them
but in fluent speech both of them have the same pronunciation we can distinguish
between them by :
a. the context.
b. stress ( the position of the stress).
c. Juncture (short stop).
Linking
is insert certain sounds (r, j,w) between two words in the connected
speech .
/r/ : if a word ends with / iə , 3: , ə, : , uə / and followed by a word
begins with vowel , we insert /r/ between these two words .
e.g. India and Pakistan. / indiə(r) ənd ……/
/w/ : if a word ends with / əu, au, u:/ and followed by a word begins with vowel , we
insert /w/ between these two words .
e.g. go on /gə(w)ən/ , how is /hau(w)iz/ , you are /ju;(w)a:/ c

24. /j/ : if a word ends with / ai, ei , : , i:/ and followed by a word begins with vowel , we
insert /j/ between these two words .
e.g. my aunt /mai(j)a:nt/
see ant /si:(j)ænt/
Elision
is a disappearance of sound(s) as a result of a neighboring
sound. Sometimes a whole syllable is elided.
Elision of Vowels:
a. In a sequence of unstressed syllables following by a stressed syllable:
e.g. /ə/ is often elided as in : family /'fæm(ə)li/
factory /'fækt(ə)ri/
b. The weak vowels /ə/ and /i/ in unstressed syllables immediately preceding stressed
ones may be elided in very rapid speech:
e.g. police /p(ə)'li:s/
believe /b(i)'li:v/
c. Vowels across word boundaries also can be elided , specially when a final /ə/ is
followed by a linking /r/ and a word begins with a vowel ; the final /ə/ is elided:

25. e.g. matter of fact /mæt(ə)rəv fækt/
*. Established (or fixed) elision of vowels is also possible specially in a sequence of
unstressed syllables following a stress syllable:
e.g. history /'histri/
Elision of Consonants:-
Elision of consonant often takes place in the language to reduce consonant clusters and
make speech easier.
a. /t/ and /d/ are often elided in a sequence of voiceless continuant + /t/ or voiced
Continuant + /d/ followed by a word beginning with a consonant as in :
e.g. next day /neks(t) dei/
fast bus /fa:s(t) bΛ s/
Note:- all consonants other than plosives and affricatives are continuants .
b. /t/ and /d/ are also elided in a sequence of voiceless stop + /t/ or voiced stop + /d/ when
followed by a word beginning with a consonant.
e.g. helped me / help(t) mi:/
begged one /beg(d) wΛn/
c. In the sequence of /---skt/ ,/k/ rather than /t/ is often elided as in:
/ ֽ risked prison /ris(k)t prizn

26. d. /t/ and /d/ are normally elided , except in careful speech as in:
mostly /məus(t)li/ exactly //igzæk(t)li/
friendship /fren(d)∫ip/ hand bag /hæn(d) bæg/
e. /l/ is often elided when preceded by / / as in:
already / (l)redi/
* Elision of /l/ is established (historical) in the following words:
walk /w k/ talk /t k/
f. /Ө/ is sometimes omitted as in:
months /mΛn(Ө)s/ cloths /klD(Ө)s/
g. Historical elision as in :
write /rait/ , listen /lisən / , castle /ka:səl/ , know /nəu/ :c :c :c :c

27. Assimilation is the process by which a certain phoneme changes
due to the influence of another neighboring
phoneme.
Assimilation can be classified into three types:
1. Assimilation in place of articulation:-
a. If a word ends with /t/ , and the following word begins with /p , b , m/ , /t/ becomes /p/ :
e.g. right place /raip pleis/
white bird /waip b3:d/
not me / n D p mi:/
b. If a word ends with /d/ , and the following word begins with /p , b , m/ , /d/ becomes /b/ :
e.g. hard bath /ha:b pa:Ө/
good boy /gub b i
good morning /gub m :niŋ/
c. If a word ends with /n/ , and the following word begins with /p , b , m/ , /n/ becomes /m/ :
e.g. gone past /gDm pa:st/
gone back / gDm bæk/
ten men /tem men/ c c

28. d. If a word ends with /t/ , and the following word begins with /g , k / , /t/ becomes /k/ :
e.g. that girl /ðæk g3:l/
white coat /waik kəut/
e. If a word ends with /d/ , and the following word begins with /g ,k / , /d/ becomes /g/ :
e.g red gate /reg geit/
bad cold / bæg kəuld/
f. If a word ends with /n/ , and the following word begins with /g , k/ , /n/ becomes /ŋ/ :
e.g. one cup /wΛŋ kΛp/
main gate /meiŋ geit/
g. If a word ends with /s/ , and the following word begins with /∫ , j/ , /s/ becomes /∫/ :
e.g. nice shoes /nai∫ ∫u:z/
this year /ði∫ jiə/
h. If a word ends with /z/ , and the following word begins with /g , k/ , /z/ becomes /З/ :
e.g. those shops /ðəu ∫Dps/
where’s yours /weə j : z/ 3 3 c

29. 2. Assimilation in manner of articulation :-
this type of assimilation is limited and not so common as the previous type
e.g. good night / gun nait/
that side /ðæs said/
3. Assimilation in voicing :-
a. (e)d at the end of the word has three pronunciation according to the preceded
phoneme :
* (e)d pronounced as /d/ if preceded by voiced consonants except /d/:
e.g. numbered /nΛmb3d/:
* (e)d pronounced as /t/ if preceded by voiceless consonants except /t/:
e.g. talked /t :kt/
* (e)d pronounced as /id/ if preceded by /t/ or /d/ :
e.g. added /ædid/
b. (e)s at the end of the word has three pronunciation according to the preceded
* (e)s pronounced as /z/ if preceded by voiced consonants except /z, ,d /.
* (e)s pronounced as /s/ if preceded by voiceless consonants except /s,∫ , t∫/.
* (e)s pronounced as /iz/ if preceded by voiced consonants except /z, ,d ,s,t∫ ,∫ / . c 3 3 3 3

30. Intonation is the rising or falling of the level of the voice.
The Basic Feature of Intonation :-
1. Falling Tone :-the level of the voice goes down. [ ]
2. Rising Tone :- the level of the voice goes up. [ ].
3. Falling_Rising Tone:- the level of the voice first goes down then rises up, [ ].
4. Rising_Falling Tone :- the level of the voice first rises up then goes down , [ ].
5. Level Tone :- the level of the voice stays doesn’t go up or down , [___ ].
“English is not much what you say. It’s the way you say it”.
Language doesn’t depend on saying words or sentences , but does depend on the way you
say these words, the intonation gives a meaning to the words.
The Uses :-
1. Falling tone used to indicate finality , confirmation , strong order , real gratitude, not
saying any more ….

31. 2. Rising tone used to express question, inviting to say more, continue, greeting …..
3. Falling_rising tone used to indicate reservation, hesitation, not complete sentence…
4. Rising_falling tone used to express encourage, pleasure, strong feelings of approval
or disapproval ….
5. Level tone used to express routine, no interest , pardon ..,,
***

32. I hope you
Pray for Us