1. Anatomy and Physiology Blake Austin College Licensed Vocational Nursing Program Semester 1
Muscular System

2. Functions of Muscular System
Body heat to maintain body temperature
Body movement
Body form and shape to maintain posture

3. Types of Muscles
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

4. Skeletal Muscle Under conscious control
Attached to the bones of the skeleton
Each muscle cell is known as a muscle fiber

5. Smooth Muscle Not under conscious control
Found in the walls of internal organs
Controlled by the autonomic nervous system

6. Cardiac Muscle In the heart only Not under conscious control
Requires a continuous supply of
oxygen to function

7. Special Circular Muscles
Sphincter or dilator muscles
Located in the openings between the esophagus and
stomach, and the stomach and small intestine
Function is to control the passage of substances by
opening and closing

8. Summary of Muscle Tissue
Feature
Skeletal
Smooth (Visceral)
Cardiac
Location
Attached to bones
Walls of internal organs and blood vessels
Heart
Function
Produce body movement
Contraction of visceral and blood vessels
Pump blood through heart and blood vessels
Cell Shape
Cylindric
Spindle shaped, tapered ends
Cylindric, branching
Number of Nuclei
Many
One
Striations
Present
Absent
Type of Control
Voluntary
Involuntary

9. Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Excitability or irritability
Extensibility
Elasticity

10. Muscle Attachments and Functions
Over 650 muscles in
the body
Muscles must be
attached to bones for leverage
Muscles only pull,
never push
Attached to bone by
tendons
Muscles are attached at
both ends
Attachments may be to
bones, cartilage, ligaments,
tendons, skin or to each
other
Origin and insertion
Prime mover and
antagonist
Synergists

11. Sources of Energy and Heat
Narrow range of normal body temperature
98.6 °F to 99.8°F
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Need oxygen, glucose, and other material to make
By-product is lactic acid

12. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
Myoneural stimulation
Contraction of muscle proteins
How muscles work:

14. Principle Skeletal Muscles
Skeletal or voluntary muscles
Move the skeleton
Also control movement of the eyeballs, eyelids, lips, tongues, and skin

15. Naming of Skeletal Muscles
Location
Size
Direction
Number of origins
Location of origin and insertion
Not all muscles are named by above method
Intro to naming muscles

16. Muscles
656 muscles
327 antagonistic muscle pairs and two unpaired muscles
Orbicularis oris
Diaphragm
Muscle regions
Head muscles
Neck muscles
Trunk and extremity muscles

17. Muscles of the Head and Neck
Control expressions
Mastication
Movement of the head

19. Muscles of the Upper Extremities
Shoulder, arm and hand movements

20. Muscles of the Trunk
Breathing and movement of the abdomen
and pelvis

21. Muscles of the Lower Extremities
Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes