1. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Session Objectives#5 MUST explain why data is represented in computer systems in binary SHOULD understand and produce simple logic diagrams using the operations NOT, AND and OR COULD construct a truth tables from a given logic diagram Create a program using the LMC to calculate the perimeter of any given quadrilateral. Try to design it so that it gives a running total.

2. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Binary Logic Starter: A lily pad doubles in size everyday. It takes 30 whole days to fill up the whole pond, how many days did it take to fill half the pond? Prove your answer...

3. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Binary Logic We know that from von Neumann and the principle that all modern computers, data and instructions are based on the binary system (base 2). This is due to the ease in which 2 states can recognised – 0 and 1, on and off, true or false – by using simple transistors and capacitors. transistor capacitor Memory uses very small transistors and capacitors which can be linked together to make simple logical calculations: e.g are both inputs 1? or is only one input 1? These simple circuits are called Logic Gates.

4. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Logic Gates There main gates are as follows: 1. NOT gate – it outputs the opposite of the input i.e input = 1, then output = 0, and vice versa. Truth Tables are used to express the relationship between input and output. (Algebraic values are used, ABC etc for input and PQR for output) AP 01 10 Input Output

5. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Logic Gates 2. AND gate – this tells us if both inputs are 1 by outputting 1, otherwise the output will be 0 e.g 3. OR gate – shows that either 1 OR 2 inputs are on by outputting 1, otherwise output is 0. e.g ABP 000 010 100 111 ABP 000 011 101 111

6. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Logic Gate Diagrams Each gate is represented by a different symbol: NOT gate AND gate OR gate INPUT OUTPUT

7. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Logic Circuits Logic gates can be joined together to make more complex logic circuits. A common combination is the NAND circuit (Not AND) which frustratingly is a AND followed by a NOT gate. Similarly a NOR is an OR followed by a NOT. NAND – basically toggles the AND so that if both inputs are 1 then 0 will be output, otherwise 1 is output. Output R Output P ABR= A AND BP=NOT R 0001 0101 1001 1110

8. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Logic Circuits This example has 3 inputs, 2 in the AND (A&B), outputting to an OR at P, and 1 directly into the OR. The resulting truth table is calculated: P ABCP=A AND BQ = P OR C 00000 00101 01000 01101 10000 10101 11011 11111

9. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Boolean Algebra These logic circuits can be written down using mathematical expersions called Boolean algebra (named after Mathematician George Boole). i.e Q = (A AND B) OR C TASKS – Draw logic circuits and truth tables for the following a)P=NOT(A AND B) b)P=NOT(A OR B) c)P=A AND NOT (B) d)A AND NOT(B OR C)

10. GCSE Computing#BristolMet Boolean Programming Boolean algebra is used in programming to perform many instruction. For example IF statements and While loops IF x >10 then... ELSE.... __________________ WHILE x < 10 AND NOT (end of file) DO Now try some simple programming using Ifs and Loops in Yousrc.