1. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Handed over from phase 1a:
as an alternative for determining road load with the coast down or torque meter, a calculation method for default road load parameters may be used
(based on future data) the parameters can be reviewed.
Situation:
No new data has been made available (so far)
On request of IWG#7 RDW (André Rijnders) took initiative to develop an alternative methodology
At IWG#8 (Pune) an initial proposal was presented and discussed
At IWG#9 the ACEA Task Force LCV offered to develop the methodology jointly with RDW/TNO
At IWG#10 a new initial proposal
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

2. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Aim and principles of new proposal:
Alternative for coast down and torque meter method
But also alternative for calculation method (table values)
Scope: multi-stage vehicles and low-volume, heavy LCVs
Reduce test burden
Appropriate road load values
No loophole (coast down and torque meter preferred approach)
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

3. OI #17: Default Road Load WLTP-10-23e The LCV Market – Solutions:
Small
Medium
Large
Examples
(small selection)
Peugeot Partner
Mercedes
Vito
Mercedes Sprinter VW
Caddy
VW Transporter
Crafter
Mercedes Citan
Renault
Trafic
Iveco
Daily
Many more
. . .
Transport Volume
Low (2-5 m³)
Medium (5-7,5 m³)
High ( 7,5-17 m³)
Transport Payload
Low (< 1 ton)
Medium (0,5-1,2 ton)
High (1 - 5 ton)
TDL (ECE R83) No
Yes
Certification
M1 -
EURO6
N1 Gr I, II -
M1 -
N1 Gr II, III
M1,N1 Gr III
EURO6 &
EUROVI
M2,N2
Mercedes Sprinter Panel VAN : app combinations are available
(Multistage vehicles not included)

4. OI #17: Default Road Load WLTP-10-23e
The LCV Market – Volume:
Remarks:
Data from 2013 im Mio
ECE R83 = tabulated dyno load settings (TDL)
Estimate TDL by Daimler:
•Mercedes Sprinter
•Renault Master
•Ford Transit
•VW Crafter
•Citroen Jumper
•Fiat Ducato
•Iveco DAILY
0,95
0,24
0,05
N1 1,25
0,01
LCVs with tabulated dyno load settings (TDL), relative small market and segmented in 3 main groups:
TDL N1 Group III - Goods carrier
TDL N1,M1 - Multistage – Special Purpose vehicles
TDL M1 – Crew bus
2,3% Market Share
(0,3Mio vs 13,3 Mio)

5. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Scope: application restricted to vehicle categories not sufficiently helped by Interpolation Family or Road Load Family
M1/N1 vehicles with [technically permissible maximum laden mass > 3 ton] (mainly large vans and crew busses)
Low sales volumes, but large number of variations due to customer demands
RL family too restrictive
Table values give unfavorably high worst case road load and CO2 figures
Multi stage vehicles: all categories
Road load determination very extensive - variety of possible bodyworks.
Even with RL family difficult to obtain the cycle energy demand for all possible bodyworks which could be used by the second stage manufacturers
Table values very unattractive for first stage OEM’s under EU CO2 legislation
Note: either definition MSV in GTR required or regional implementation required
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

6. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Approach:
Single coastdown (or torque meter) test
Representative vehicle with estimated worst Cd ( )
Extrapolation
Extrapolation based on DAf, DTM, DRR. Conservative extrapolation to prevent loophole ( )
N1 – 16m³
Road Load
N1 – 12m³
Volume
LH3
LH2
Coast Down
N1 – 7m³
N1 – 8m³
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

7. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Single coastdown test
Representative vehicle (i.e. given mass and size)
M1/N1 > 3ton (large vans + crew busses): based on (estimated) sales volume; limit the average extrapolation range
Multi-stage: To be discussed [Main question : What is a representative vehicle for the multi-stage vehicle?]
Estimated worst Cd
No simple way to determine Cd of all vehicle configurations
Extrapolation formulas do not include Cd as a parameter
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

8. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Extrapolation – New proposal
f0 and f2 derived (by least squares regression analysis) from coastdown data set of the tested vehicle
extrapolation (higher and lower Af, TM, RR): Max correlation road load values and delta’s TM, Af and RR
f0_new = f0/TM * (TM + DTM) * DRR * (TM + DTM)
f2_new = f2/Af * (Af + DAf)
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

9. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Measurement B: F0=242,2N; F2=0,0667N/(km/h)²
245/0,067
Mass decrease
(-497kg)
Simulation
Measurement A: F0=295,69 N, F2=0,07150 N/(km/h)²
Frontal area decrease (-0,32 m²)
Simulation
300/0,027
340/0,075
340/0,078
Sprinter with high roof, worse in Aerodynamics and weight
Sprinter with extra high roof, worst-case in Aerodynamics and weight
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

10. W
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Extrapolation – Accuracy (Deviation between simulation and Coast Down)
(Data based on NAFTA Sprinter)
(CO2 Range = 80g)
OLD
Worst Case -> Best Case
Worst Case -> Most SellingWorst Case -> Most Selling
Best Cast -> Most SellingBest Cast -> Most Selling
Most Selling -> Best CaseMost Selling -> Best CaseMost Selling -> Best Case
Most Selling -> Worst CaseMost Selling -> Worst CaseMost Selling -> Worst Case
Extrapolation method (with single measurement) reaches accurary of 2,6% between best and worst case vehicle
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

11. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Extrapolation – Additional remarks
Justification different approach for upward and downward extrapolation
Real world correlation between road load values and delta’s TM, Af, RR: typically in % range
Conservative: in general real world road load should not be higher than the calculated value (worst case, but realistic)
OEM to some extend free to choose test vehicle
Formulas are a proper but simplified reflection of real world correlation
Drivetrain losses and delta Cd not included
F1 left out
No calibration checks as exists for interpolation methods
Upward: XUP correlation gives conservative values
Downward: XDOWN correlation gives conservative values.
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

12. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Observed correlation road load values and Af, TM, RR
Road load
Max correlation
Reduced correlation
Real world correlation
Bandwidth
Tested vehicle
Delta Af, TM, RR
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

13. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Extrapolation - Correction
Upward and Downward extrapolation (XUP , XDOWN for Af, TM, RR): Reduced correlation road load values and delta’s TM, Af and RR
f0_new = (1-X)*f0 + (X)*(f0/TM*(TM+DTM)+9.81*DRR*(TM+DTM))
f2_new = (1-X)*f2 + (X)*f2/Af*(Af + DAf)
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

14. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Proposed correlations for upward and downward extrapolation: conservative
Road load
Upward extrapolation
Downward extrapolation
Real world correlation Bandwith
Tested vehicle
Delta Af, TM, RR
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

15. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
To Do List for further proceeding :
Methodology to determine F0 and F2
Decision on Upward and Downward correlation
Extrapolation range (if appropriate)
Selection representative Multi Stage Vehicle
Definition of Multi Stage Vehicle in GTR or regional legislation
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

16. OI #17: Default Road Load Multistage vehicles WLTP-10-23e
[PLACEHOLDER TEXT]
Titel der Präsentation in 9 pt CorpoS Regular | Abteilung | Datum

17. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Selection representative
Multi Stage test vehicle
List of topics:
Build artificial vehicle or select completed vehicle?
Selected Cd. [estimated worst case (completed vehicle) or square box (artificial vehicle)??]
Selected TM. [TM = (estimated M in running order of chassis-cabin + estimated technically permissible laden mass)/2 ??]
Selected Af and RR. [estimated average Af and RR ??]
Maximum # of axis??
Extrapolation range
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

18. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Proposed name: Road Load Extrapolation Matrix
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

19. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Proposed time schedule: IWG#10: decision to proceed If positive: May 2015: preparation proposal in Annex 4 TF (includes consultation CP) IWG#11: initial draft gtr – if possible ready for adoption IWG#12: adoption
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

20. OI #17: Default Road Load Agreement of IWG to proceed? WLTP-10-23e
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV

21. André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV
WLTP-10-23e
OI #17: Default Road Load
Backup
Definition of multi stage in EU legislation:
Frame work directive 2007/46.
Article 3
Definitions
7. multi-stage type-approval means the procedure whereby one or more Member States certify that, depending on the state of completion, an incomplete or completed type of vehicle satisfies the relevant administrative provisions and technical requirements of this Directive;
18. base vehicle means any vehicle which is used at the initial stage of a multi-stage type-approval process;
André Rijnders RDW / The Netherlands – Wouter Vandermeulen ACEA-LCV