1. Circulatory System: Blood Vessels

2. Transport blood from the heart HIGH pressure
Arteries
Transport blood from the heart
HIGH pressure
Carry oxygen rich blood (except pulmonary artery)

3. 3 tunics (layers):
Tunic intima – friction reducing lining endothelium
Tunic media – bulky middle layer muscle and elastic tissue
Tunic externa – connective tissue

4. Veins
Transport blood back to the heart
LOW pressure
Same 3 layers except thinner walls
Valves = blood flow in one direction

5. Capillaries One thin layer of endothelium
Play an exchange role with tissue cells for nutrients and waste
Capillary beds open and close to shunt blood from one body system to another
Pressure drops
Lumen is the opening

6. Pulse
Pulse is the alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall as the heart beats; felt over any external superficial artery = pressure point

7. Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure that blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels
Forces blood to continue moving

8. Pressure is measured over a pressure point, both systolic and diastolic

9. Arterial blood pressure is influenced by heart rate (higher = higher) or resistance to blood flow: decrease in diameter, stretch of vessels, or viscosity of blood

10. Special Circulations

11. Hepatic Portal
The hepatic portal veins drain the digestive organs, spleen, pancreas, and deliver nutrient rich blood to the liver – which is involved in maintaining the proper glucose, fat, and protein concentrations.

12. Brain Circulation
A continuous blood supply is maintained by two pairs of arteries:
The internal carotids
The vertebral arteries

13. The Internal Carotids each divide and run into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries
Vertebrals each divide to form the posterior cerebral arteries

14. The anterior and posterior blood supply are connected by branches- forming a complete circle

15. The Circle of Willis
It protects the brain by supplying more than one route to reach all brain tissue

16. Fetal Circulation A temporary circulation involving 3 vessels:
One umbilical- nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
two umbilical arteries- carry carbon dioxide and waste to the placenta
Shunts bypass the lungs and the liver

17. Naming the systemic Arteries and Veins
Starting with the arteries we will move away from the heart (arteries move blood away)

18. Arteries above the diaphragm
All branch off the Aorta (largest artery)
1st SMALL branch is the coronary artery- which serves the heart
1st Large branch is the Brachiocephalic
2nd Large branch is the Right Common Carotid
3rd Large branch is the Right Subclavian

19. Off of the Brachiocephalic:
Left Common Carotid
Left Subclavian

20. Each of the Common Carotids branch into :
Internal Carotid which goes to the brain
External Carotid which serves the head

21. Each of the Subclavians will:
1st branch will be Vertebral which goes to the brain
Under the armpit the subclavian becomes the Axillary
Which in the upper arm is the Brachial where blood pressure is normally taken
The Brachial will split into the Ulnar (medial) and the Radial (lateral)

22. Arteries under the diaphragm
All branch off the Aorta (abdominal)
1st branch is the Celiac Trunk with 3 branches:
Gastric- to stomach
Hepatic- to liver
Splenic- to spleen
Next comes the Superior Mesenteric which serves the upper part of the intestine

23. Continuing down the abdominal aorta:
Right and Left Renal brings blood to the kidneys
Lumbar brings blood to the back muscles
Gonadal brings blood to the gonads
At the end of the torso:
Common Iliac Artery

24. The Common Iliac Artery splits:
External Iliac which becomes the Femoral in the thigh
Internal Iliac loops back towards the pelvis
Deep Femoral goes toward buttocks
Femoral continues down thigh, will become the Popliteal behind the knee
It splits into the Anterior and Posterior Tibial
Ends in the foot at the Dorsalis Pedis

25. The veins bring blood back to the heart so we start at the distal end and move towards the heart.

26. All the veins above the diaphragm drain into the Superior Vena Cava
The Radial and Ulnar Veins from the forearm drain into the Brachial vein
The Cephalic (lateral) and Basilic (medial) meet at the Median Cubital (place where you get blood drawn for blood tests!)
They all drain into the Brachial vein

27. The Brachial drains into the Axillary under the armpit
The Axillary drains into the Subclavian
The Vertebral takes blood from the posterior head and drains into the Subclavians
The right and left Subclavians drain into the right and left Brachiocephalic

28. The External Jugular drains the head and the Internal Jugular drains the brain: both empty into the Braciocephalic
The Right and Left Braciocephalic join to form the Superior Vena Cava which enters the heart
The Azygos is a single vein that runs up the spine, drains the entire thorax and enters the SVC just before the heart

29. All veins below the diaphragm drain into the Inferior Vena Cava
The Anterior and Posterior Tibial – drain the calf and foot then become the Popliteal at the knee
The Popliteal becomes the Femoral at the thigh
The Great Saphenous vein is the longest vein, it drains the superficial veins of the leg and empties into the Femoral

30. The Femoral drains into the External Iliac
The Internal Iliac drains the pelvis
The External & Internal Iliacs meet at the Common Iliac
The Right and Left Common Iliac join to form the Inferior Vena Cava

31. The Renal veins drain the kidneys
The Gonadal veins drain the gonads
The Hepatic Veins drain the liver
They all drain into the Inferior Vena Cava
REMEMBER ALL DIGESTIVE ORGANS (GASTRIC, INTESTINES) DRAIN INTO THE HEPATIC PORTAL AND GO TO THE LIVER FOR PROCESSING, THEN ARE DRAINED BY THE HEPATIC VEIN!

32. The Inferior Vena Cava enters the heart, and it starts all over again.