Code Development & Adoption

Code Update for Swinging Door Openings 2015 International Building Code (IBC)

Code Development & Adoption
Requirements effective when new edition is adopted States are not required by federal law to adopt a particular code New code requirements go into effect when a code is adopted in a particular jurisdiction. The code that is in effect at the time a building permit is issued, is typically the code that must be met for that project. Most states adopt a model building code and a model fire code, along with other codes and their referenced standards. States often make modifications to the model codes, which reflect the specific requirements of their state. When researching a code issue, it’s important to refer to the model code, also called the base code, as well as any state modifications. State modifications are common Graphic: AlexanderZam/Shutterstock.com

Code Development & Adoption
The International Building Code (IBC) and International Fire Code (IFC) are on a 3-year code development cycle - the 2015 editions are the latest editions to be published, and the 2018 code development cycle is in progress. A vertical line beside text in the IBC indicates a change from the previous edition, and an arrow indicates that a paragraph or section has been removed. The following slides discuss changes to the 2015 International Building Code which affect door openings. Graphics: International Code Council

Storm Shelters 2015 IBC – 423.3, 423.4 Tornado shelters built in accordance with ICC 500 are required for some occupancy types in locations where the shelter design wind speed is 250 MPH (dark grey area on map). In the 2009 and 2012 editions of the IBC, section 423 includes a requirement for storm shelters to be constructed in accordance with ICC-500 – ICC/NSSA Standard for the Design and Construction of Storm Shelters. These editions of the IBC state that this section addresses storm shelters for the purpose of providing safe refuge from storms that produce high winds, such as tornados and hurricanes, and definitions for community storm shelter and residential storm shelter are included. The 2009 and 2012 editions of the IBC do not include prescriptive requirements for the types of facilities that are required to have a storm shelter, but the 2015 edition does address this. There are two types of facilities that are required by the 2015 IBC to have storm shelters, when the shelter design wind speed for tornados is 250 miles per hour. The states that meet this wind speed criteria are shown in Figure (1) of ICC Graphic: ICC 500

Storm Shelters 2015 IBC – 423.3, 423.4 Occupancy types requiring storm shelters: Critical Emergency Operations call stations, emergency operation centers, and fire, rescue, ambulance, and police stations Educational Occupancies with an occupant load of 50 or more - shelter must house the entire occupant load of the school (exceptions – Group E day care facilities, religious schools) In these locations, storm shelters are required for critical emergency operations, including 911 call stations, emergency operation centers, and fire, rescue, ambulance and police stations. If the building housing these operations meets the requirements for shelter design in ICC 500, a separate storm shelter is not required. In addition, Educational occupancies (Group E) with an occupant load of 50 or more must have a storm shelter meeting the requirements of ICC 500 when located in an area with a shelter design wind speed for tornados of 250 miles per hour. The storm shelter must be large enough to accommodate the total occupant load of the facility. Exceptions to this requirement are Group E day care facilities and Group E occupancies that are part of a place of religious worship. Again, if the school building meets the requirements of ICC 500, a separate storm shelter is not required.

Double-Egress Pairs in Health Care 2015 IBC – 709.5
Applies to openings in smoke barriers within certain use groups: Group I-1 Condition 2 Group I-2 Ambulatory Care Section of the 2015 IBC requires openings in smoke barriers to be protected in accordance with Section 716 – Opening Protectives, which means that openings in smoke barriers are typically required to be protected by fire door assemblies. Exception 1 exempts certain health care facilities from this requirement – Group I-1 Condition 2, Group I-2, and ambulatory care facilities (refer to the IBC for specific definitions of these facility types). The previous edition did not exempt Group I-1 Condition 2 facilities from the requirement for fire door assemblies in smoke barriers. Photo: Allegion

Fire door assemblies not required. ¾-inch max. undercut, minimal clearances No center mullion No louvers/grilles Frame stops required Rabbets or astragals For these health care facilities, the 2015 IBC has clarified that the openings are not required to be fire door assemblies, but the section does require the openings to meet some similar criteria to rated opening protectives. This section is specific to double-egress pairs installed across a corridor. As in previous editions, the clearances around the door must be minimal and the maximum undercut is ¾ inch. The opening can not have a center mullion, or louvers or grilles. The frame must have stops at the head and jambs, and the meeting stiles of the doors must be rabbeted or equipped with astragals. Photo: Allegion

Positive Latching 2003 and 2006 IBC: “Positive-latching devices are not required.” 2009, 2012, 2015 IBC: “Where permitted by the door manufacturer’s listing, positive-latching devices are not required.” The most common question about these openings is whether they need to have the positive-latching hardware that would be required for a fire door assembly. The 2003 and 2006 editions of the IBC specifically state in this section: “Positive-latching devices are not required.” In the 2009 edition, this was changed to, “Where permitted by the door manufacturer’s listing, positive-latching devices are not required.” This sentence was carried through the 2012 edition, and into the 2015 edition. With the 2015 now clearly stating that these doors are not required to be fire rated, the doors do not carry a listing that requires positive latching, and it’s likely that this sentence will be removed from a future edition of the code, further clarifying that positive latching is not required by the IBC for doors in this location. Photo: Allegion

Must be automatic-closing by smoke detection Must have fire-protection- rated vision panels No stated requirement for UL air infiltration testing Paragraph of the 2015 IBC states that these cross-corridor double-egress pairs in smoke barriers must be automatic-closing by smoke detection, and must have vision panels with fire-protection rated glazing materials in fire-protection-rated frames. The area of these vision panels is limited to the area that has been tested, but if the doors are not required to be fire door assemblies, it’s unclear what test protocol the code is referring to. Note that the IBC does not specifically state that these doors are required to meet the smoke infiltration requirements when tested in accordance with UL 1784. Photo: Allegion

Smoke and Draft Control Doors 2015 IBC – 710.5.2.2
UL Standard for Air Leakage Tests of Door Assemblies and Other Opening Protectives Air leakage limited to 3.0 cubic feet per minute per square foot of door opening at 0.10 inch of water for both the ambient temperature and elevated temperature tests. Section , Smoke and Draft Control Doors, applies to doors in smoke partitions which are required by other sections of the IBC to be tested in accordance with UL When tested to this standard, the air leakage rate may not exceed 3.0 cubic feet per minute per square foot of door opening at 0.10 inch of water. The test must be conducted at both ambient temperature and an elevated temperature. In order to meet this limitation, gasketing at the head, jambs, and meeting stiles is typically required. Note that this requirement does not currently apply to every fire door or even every door in a smoke partition. It is specific to doors in smoke partitions that are required to have the UL 1784 listing. The change to this section is the addition of paragraph , which clarifies that the letter “S” may be used on a manufacturers’ label to indicate compliance with the air infiltration limit only. Previously the “S” label was typically an added designation on fire door labels, but the added paragraph indicates that the “S” label could be used alone for doors that do not require a fire rating and only require the UL 1784 listing. Graphic: Allegion

ASTM E 119 or UL IBC – 716.2, 716.3, 716.5 Fire-Resistance-Rated = ASTM E 119 / UL 263 Fire-Protection-Rated = UL 10C or NFPA 252 ASTM E 119 and UL 263 are test standards that are used for building components such as walls, floors, and ceilings. In some cases, fire door assemblies are required to be tested in accordance with these standards. These are fire-resistance-rated assemblies. Fire door assemblies that are tested per UL 10C or NFPA 252 are fire-protection-rated assemblies. Section addresses fire-resistance-rated glazing, section is specific to the labeling requirements. These sections were modified in the 2015 edition to make them applicable to floor/ceiling assemblies in addition to wall assemblies, and to add specific information about the labeling or identification requirements for each piece of glazing that is fire-resistance-rated or fire-protection-rated. Photo: Vasiliy Koval/Shutterstock.com

Opening Fire Protection Assemblies 2015 IBC – Table 716.5 (Partial)
Table: 2015 IBC Opening Fire Protection Assemblies 2015 IBC – Table (Partial) Locations which require fire-resistance-rated assemblies and locations which may be fire-protection-rated assemblies can be found in Table of the 2015 IBC. Fire-resistance-rated assemblies may also be used in other areas, for example, section limits the openings in a fire barrier, but Exception 3 states that this limitation does not apply to assemblies tested to ASTM E119 or UL 263.

Opening Fire Protection Assemblies 2015 IBC – Table 716.5 (Partial)
Table: 2015 IBC Opening Fire Protection Assemblies 2015 IBC – Table (Partial) In the 2012 edition of the IBC, table was expanded from Table in the 2009 edition, and further revised in the 2015 edition. This table includes requirements for each type of assembly – the required rating of the wall, the minimum rating of the fire door assembly, and information about the acceptable glazing for each location. Fire-protection-rated glazing and fire-resistance-rated glazing are both addressed – note that fire-protection-rated glazing is not permitted for sidelite and transom frames in many of the locations listed in this table. The table also states the marking requirements for each vision panel, which will aid in the inspection of the glazing.

Fire Door Testing 2015 IBC – 716.5 Swinging fire door assemblies – UL10C, or NFPA 252 with 40” neutral pressure level Other types of fire door assemblies – UL10B or NFPA 252 Swinging fire door assemblies are required by section to be tested in accordance with UL 10C, or in accordance with NFPA 252 with the additional requirement that after 5 minutes into the test, the neutral pressure level in the furnace must be established at 40 inches or less above the sill. Both of these test protocols are positive pressure tests. Section addresses other types of fire door assemblies, which are tested in accordance with UL 10B or NFPA 252 without the positive pressure requirement. In the 2015 edition, this section was changed to include horizontal sliding fire door assemblies. Photo: Leslie Miller, Fire Protection Publications

Temperature Rise Doors & Glazing 2015 IBC – 716.5.5
450-degree temperature rise doors required for interior exit stairways interior exit ramps exit passageways EXCEPT if the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system Section requires doors in interior exit stairways and ramps and exit passageways to be temperature rise doors with a maximum transmitted temperature rise of not more than 450 degrees Fahrenheit above ambient at the end of 30 minutes of standard fire test exposure. The exception is that temperature rise doors are not required if the building is equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system. For buildings that do not have a sprinkler system, temperature rise doors would typically be required for stairwells, ramps, and exit passageways with fire-resistance-rated enclosures. Photo: Allegion

Exit passageways are defined as “an exit component that is separated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives, and provides for a protected path of egress travel in a horizontal direction to an exit or to the exit discharge.” A typical corridor is not usually considered an exit passageway – most are exit access corridors. An exit passageway is usually found in conjunction with a stairwell, such as a passageway extending from the bottom of the stair to the exterior exit discharge. Graphic: IBC Commentary

Fire-protection-rated glazing – 100 square inches, maximum Fire-resistance-rated glazing – as tested There has not been a change to section in the 2015 IBC, but the subparagraph which addresses the glazing in these doors has been modified slightly. Glazing that is fire-protection-rated is limited to 100 square inches per door, but listed fire-protection-rated glazing is permitted in excess of 100 square inches. This glazing must have a maximum temperature rise of 450 degrees as required for the door, unless the building has a sprinkler system throughout. Graphic: Allegion

Size of Glazing 2015 IBC – The use of fire-resistance-rated glazing is now addressed by section , in addition to the fire-protection-rated glazing that was previously included. Both types are permitted in fire door assemblies, but there are varying limitations for the allowable size of each type. The maximum size of fire-resistance-rated glazing is shown in Table for each fire door location and rating. Fire-protection-rated glazing must comply with the size limitations of NFPA 80, and IBC-2015 section , which addresses horizontal exits and fire barriers. Table: 2015 IBC

Safety Glazing 2015 IBC – 716.6.3 & Chapter 24
All glazing used in hazardous locations must be impact-resistant as specified in Chapter 24. Glass in fire door assemblies is no longer exempt. Sections and have been modified to address safety glazing requirements for fire-resistance-rated glazing in addition to fire-protection-rated glazing. Section was also modified to address impact requirements for glazing in opening protectives. Both types of glazing, as well as other glazing in hazardous locations like swinging doors, sidelites, and some borrowed lites is required to meet the safety glazing requirements of Chapter 24. Each piece of glazing used in hazardous locations must be identified with a permanent label or other mark which identifies it as safety glazing. Glass and glazing which does not meet the required impact standards is not allowed to be used in swinging doors or other areas described in Chapter 24 as hazardous locations. Broken Glass Photo: Greg Abel, Advocates for Safe Glass Glass Etching Photo: Anemostat

Fire Door Closing / Latching 2015 IBC – 716.5.9
Fire doors must close and latch. Communicating doors between hotel rooms are not required to be self-closing. Fire doors are required by section to be self-closing or automatic-closing, with the exception of communicating doors between hotel rooms and certain elevator doors. A requirement for fire doors to latch has been added to this section. The exception for communicating doors between hotel rooms exempts these doors from the requirement for self-closing or automatic-closing devices, but does not exempt them from the latching requirement. A requirement pertaining to self-closing chute intake doors has been removed from this section. Graphic: Radu Bercan/shutterstock.com

Smoke-Activated Doors 2015 IBC – 716.5.9.3
Cross-corridor doors Fire doors or smoke doors in exits or corridors Doors in smoke barriers, fire partitions, fire walls, shaft enclosures Doors in refuse and laundry chutes and access and termination rooms Certain doors in underground buildings Doors in smoke partitions Smoke-Activated Doors 2015 IBC – If automatic-closing devices are used, the IBC requires many locations to have devices that are smoke-activated, rather than heat-activated. These doors may be held-open, but must close automatically when smoke is detected. Some examples include automatic-closing doors installed across a corridor, doors in exits or corridors that are required to be of fire-resistance-rated construction, and doors in smoke barriers. There are 12 locations listed in this section of the IBC, including a new requirement for doors in enclosures of exit access stairways and ramps. The other changes in this section are terminology changes for waste and linen chutes. Photo: Allegion

Door Opening Force 2015 IBC – 1010.1.3
Non-fire-rated interior doors – 5 pounds maximum opening force Fire doors and exterior doors - A clarification was added to section , which states that the opening force limits of this section do not apply to the force required to retract latch bolts or other devices. The requirements of this section are intended to apply only to the force required to open the door, after the latch is released. The maximum opening force for pushing or pulling swinging doors in a means of egress, other than fire doors is 5 pounds. Other swinging doors, and sliding and folding doors are limited by the IBC to the following: 15 pounds to release the latch, 30 pounds to set the door in motion, and 15 pounds to open the door to the fully-open position. These forces are applied at the latch side of the door. Section includes similar requirements for automatic doors, except that the force to set the door in motion is limited to 50 pounds. Local code modifications may include more stringent requirements on opening force. 15 pounds to release the latch 30 pounds to set the door in motion (50 pounds for automatic doors) 15 pounds to open to the fully-open position

Key-Operated Locks 2015 IBC – 1010.1.9.3 (2)
Main exterior door(s) Key-operated locking from egress side Locking device distinguishable as locked Signage on or adjacent to door Revocable by the building official for cause The section on key-operated locks addresses certain occupancy types where the main door or doors may be equipped with a lock that is operated with a key on the egress side. The code includes very specific locations where this type of lock is allowed, and requires signage and a lock that is readily distinguishable as locked. The change that was made in this section was to delete the word “exterior” and modify the signage slightly. The purpose of this change was to expand the acceptable use of key-operated locks to locations that are not exterior doors – for example, entrance doors to stores within an enclosed mall. THIS DOOR TO REMAIN UNLOCKED WHEN THIS SPACE IS OCCUPIED.

Controlled Egress Doors 2015 IBC – 1010.1.9.6
Allows some health care units to have doors locked in the direction of egress I-1 and I-2 use groups where patients require containment for their safety Section addresses controlled egress doors which are allowed in certain types of health care units. In the 2009 and 2012 editions of the IBC, I-2 occupancies were addressed; I-1 occupancies have been added to this section in the 2015 edition. The section allows doors in these occupancy types to be locked in the direction of egress where the clinical needs of the persons receiving care require their containment. Common applications are memory care and maternity units, although the AHJ may allow these locks to be used for other areas such as pediatric areas and emergency rooms. Photo: Allegion

Must unlock upon Actuation of sprinkler/ fire detection system Loss of power to lock Remote signal These requirements do not apply to some psychiatric and nursery/obstetric areas Controlled egress locks must unlock upon actuation of the sprinkler system, fire detection, and upon loss of power to the lock. The system must also have the capability of remote unlock, via a switch that directly breaks power to the lock and is located at the fire command center, nursing station, or other approved location. Building occupants must not be required to pass through more than one door with a controlled egress lock before entering an exit. This limitation on the number of controlled egress doors and the requirements for automatic emergency release do not apply to certain doors within psychiatric treatment areas or to doors in nursery or obstetrics areas that are equipped with a listed egress control system to help prevent child abduction. Photo: Allegion

Unlocking procedures must be included in emergency plan All clinical staff must carry credentials required to unlock doors Emergency lighting UL 294 listing Procedures for unlocking controlled egress doors must be included in the facility’s emergency plan. All clinical staff must carry the keys, codes, or other credentials required to unlock the doors. Emergency lighting is required at the door, and – new in the 2015 edition – the locking system units must be listed in accordance with UL 294 – Standard for Access Control System Units. Photo: Allegion

Delayed Egress 2015 IBC – 15-second egress delay (30 seconds when approved by AHJ) Must allow immediate egress upon loss of power or actuation of sprinkler system or fire detection system Capable of remote release Delayed egress locks prevent egress for a period of time – typically 15 seconds – and then release to allow building occupants to exit. Many of the changes made to this section in the 2015 edition were clarifications which may result in more consistent interpretation of these requirements. The delay electronics must deactivate to allow immediate free egress upon loss of power or actuation of the sprinkler system or fire detection system. The lock is not required by the IBC to unlock completely and allow access – only egress is addressed. The delayed egress locking system must be capable of being deactivated from a remote location, such as the fire command center or another approved location. Photo: Allegion

Delayed Egress 2015 IBC – 1010.1.9.7 Physical effort to exit
Force applied for up to 3 seconds Rearmed manually after deactivation of delay electronics When a building occupant attempts to use a door equipped with a delayed egress system, the system must allow egress within 15 seconds, or 30 seconds if approved by the AHJ. Several changes have been made to item 4 in this section. The 15-pound limit on the force required to activate the device has been removed, and the system must now be actuated by a “physical effort to exit.” The amount of force required to operate hardware is covered by another IBC section, so the 15-pound force requirement in this section was redundant. In previous editions of the IBC, the force was required to be applied for 1 second, but the 2015 edition has changed this time limit to 3 seconds, which is consistent with NFPA 101 – The Life Safety Code. The requirement for an audible signal has not changed, but the requirements for rearming the device have been modified. The 2015 IBC requires the delay electronics to be by manual means only, once the delay electronics have been deactivated. Previously the manual rearm requirement was specific to situations where the lock was released by the application of force to the releasing device. The change addresses the release of the device by other means. Item 5 specifies that the egress path from any point in a building shall not pass through more than one delayed egress locking system. This requirement has been moved within the section, but also modified slightly as the previous requirement specified that building occupants could not be required to pass through more than one such door before entering an exit. The previous editions would have allowed a delayed egress lock on a stairwell door, for example, and additional delayed egress lock on the exit discharge at the bottom of the stair. A building occupant would pass through the first stair door and would then be within the exit, so the second delayed egress lock on the discharge door was not prohibited. The 2015 edition limits the use of delayed egress locks to one per egress path, however, a new exception allows I-2 and I-3 occupancies to have not more than 2 delayed egress locking systems per egress path, as long as the combined delay is not more than 30 seconds. One delayed egress lock per egress path, except I-2 and I-3 use groups Photo: Allegion

Delayed Egress 2015 IBC – Signage – push or pull depending on door swing Must comply with visual character requirements of ICC A117.1 A clarification was added to item 7, stating that emergency lighting is required on the egress side of doors equipped with delayed egress systems, and item 8 requires delayed egress locking systems to be listed in accordance with UL 294 – Standard for Access Control System Units. While item 7 is more of a clarification regarding the location of the emergency lighting, the requirement for the UL 294 listing was not required in previous editions of the IBC. May be omitted for Group I occupancies if approved by the AHJ Photo: Allegion

Delayed Egress 2015 IBC – Emergency lighting required on the egress side of delayed egress openings Must be listed in accordance with UL 294 – Standard for Access Control System Units A clarification was added to item 7, stating that emergency lighting is required on the egress side of doors equipped with delayed egress systems, and item 8 requires delayed egress locking systems to be listed in accordance with UL 294 – Standard for Access Control System Units. While item 7 is more of a clarification regarding the location of the emergency lighting, the requirement for the UL 294 listing was not required in previous editions of the IBC. Photo: Allegion

Previously called Access Controlled Egress Doors
Sensor Release of Electrically Locked Egress Doors 2015 IBC – Previously called Access Controlled Egress Doors Electrified locks (usually mag-locks) released by a sensor The title of the section previously called Access Controlled Egress Doors has been changed to Sensor Release of Electrically Locked Egress Doors. This section applies to doors with electrified locks, such as electromagnetic locks, which do not provide for free egress unless installed with separate release devices. Because the previous section title included the words “access control” it was sometimes interpreted as applicable to all doors that were part of an access control system. This was not the intent, as many doors with access control readers allow free egress without any interaction with the access control system and are not required to comply with this section. Photo: Allegion

Allowed in specific occupancy types UL 294 listing
Sensor Release of Electrically Locked Egress Doors 2015 IBC – Also requires push button release, unlock on power failure, and unlock on fire alarm activation Allowed in specific occupancy types UL 294 listing In addition to the release sensor, section requires the lock to unlock upon loss of power, activation of the fire alarm or sprinkler system, where provided, and also upon a signal from a manual unlocking device – typically a push button. The code includes other requirements for the push button, including the mounting location, signage, and operation. An additional to this section adds group I-1 and I-4 facilities to the occupancy types where these locks are allowed. Item 6 has been removed; this item restricted the entrance doors in certain occupancy types from being secured on the egress side when the building is open. When all of the requirements of this section are followed, the doors are never secured on the egress side. A new item 6 has been added, but this requirement for locking system units to be listed in accordance with UL 294 was simply moved from the initial paragraph to the new location. Photo: Allegion

Electromagnetically Locked Egress Doors 2015 IBC – 1010.1.9.9
Electromagnetic lock released by door-mounted hardware Obvious method of operation Operable with one hand Directly interrupts power to lock The section called Electromagnetically Locked Egress Doors addresses doors which have electromagnetic locks that are released by door-mounted hardware. Door-mounted hardware would typically be a touchbar, panic hardware, or lever handle with a request-to-exit switch that releases the electromagnetic lock when the hardware is operated. The door-mounted hardware must have an obvious method of operation that can be operated with one hand, and operation of this hardware must directly interrupt the power to the electromagnetic lock to allow immediate egress. Photo: Allegion

Electromagnetically Locked Egress Doors 2015 IBC – 1010.1.9.9
Loss of power must unlock the door for egress No requirement to unlock upon fire alarm actuation Allowed in specific use groups Listed per UL 294 Loss of power must also unlock the door, but there is no requirement in this section for the door to unlock automatically upon actuation of the fire alarm or sprinkler system. Changes to this section include the addition of use groups I-1, I-2, and I-4 as acceptable locations for the use of this type of locking system, and the requirement for the locking system units to be listed in accordance with UL 294 – Standard for Access Control System Units. Photo: Allegion

Referenced Standards – 2015 IBC
ANSI/BHMA A Power Operated Pedestrian Doors ANSI/BHMA A Standard for Power Assist and Low Energy Operated Doors ICC A Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities ICC ICC/NSSA Standard on the Design and Construction of Storm Shelters NFPA Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies UL 10C Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies UL Access Control System Units - with revisions through September 2010 Many standards are referenced by the model codes, and the particular edition referenced can affect the requirements pertaining to the subject area of the standard. The standards related to swinging doors which are referenced by the 2015 edition of the IBC, are: ANSI/BHMA A Power Operated Pedestrian Doors ANSI/BHMA A Standard for Power Assist and Low Energy Operated Doors ICC A Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities ICC ICC/NSSA Standard on the Design and Construction of Storm Shelters NFPA Standard for Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies UL 10C Positive Pressure Fire Tests of Door Assemblies UL Access Control System Units - with revisions through September 2010

2015 IBC Commentary Available for purchase from the International Code Council. The 2015 Commentary for the IBC has been extensively revised for each section that addresses electrified hardware. These modifications should assist code officials in interpreting these sections of the IBC more consistently. Graphic: ICC

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