Transportation Modes (Part II)

Transportation Modes (Part II)
CHAPTER 5

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The contents of this document can be freely used for personal or classroom use ONLY. Although the material contained in this document is freely available, it is not public domain. Its contents, in whole or in part (including graphics and datasets), cannot be copied and published in ANY form (printed or electronic) without consent. If you have accessed this document through a third party (such as a content farm), keep in mind that this party is illegally redistributing this content. Please refer to the true source ( instead of the third party. Permission to use any graphic material herein in any form of publication, such as an article, a book or a conference presentation, on any media must be requested prior to use. Information cited from this document should be referred as: Rodrigue, J-P et al. (2018) The Geography of Transport Systems, Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Air Transport Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

US Post Office Airmail Routes, 1921-26
Source: adapted from C. Allaz (2005) History of Air Cargo and Airmail from the 18th Century, London: Christopher Foyle Publishing. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Selected Transcontinental DC-3 Routes, Late 1930s
Source: Based on historic timetables available at Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Early Intercontinental Air Routes, 1930s
Source: adapted from B. J. Graham (1995) Geography and Air Transport, New York: Wiley, p. 13. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Flight Times by Piston and Jet Engines from New York
Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Shortest Air Route between London and Sydney, 1955 - 2006

Concorde Services, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Average Airfare (roundtrip) between New York and London, 1946-2015 (in 2012 dollars)
Source: Updated from Bowen, J. (2004) “World-Shapers: The Geographical Implications of Several Influential Jet Aircraft”, paper presented at the 2004 Conference of the American Association of Geographers. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Flight Time and One Way Airfare, 1955
Source: TWA Advertising, May 27, 1955 issue of Collier's magazine. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Regional Sales of Boeing 747s, 1960s-2000s
Source: based on data available from "Orders and Deliveries" at Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main Commercial Passenger Aircraft, 1935-2015
Year of First Commercial Service Speed (km/hr) Maximum Range at Full Payload (km) Seating Capacity Douglas DC-3 1935 346 563 30 Lockheed L-649 Constellation 1943 560 8,200 95 Douglas DC-7 1953 555 7,500 105 Boeing 1958 897 6,820 110 Boeing 1964 870 4,300 134 Boeing 1967 780 3,500 97 Boeing 1970 907 9,045 385 McDonnell Douglas DC-10 1971 908 7,415 260 Airbus A300 1974 847 3,420 269 Boeing 1982 954 5,855 216 Boeing 1989 939 13,444 416 Boeing ER 1995 1030 14,300 300 Airbus A 2003 886 15,800 313 Airbus A380 2007 1050 14,800 544 Boeing 787-8 2012 902 15,700 250 Airbus A350 2015 15,200 280 Source: adapted from T.R. Leinbach and J.T. Bowen (2004) Airspaces: Air Transport, Technology and Society, in D.B. Brunn, S.L. Cutter and J.W. Harrington (eds) Geography and Technology, Dordretch, The Netherlands: Kluwer. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The World's Longest Nonstop Air Transport Routes, 2016

Selected Ultra-Long-Range Nonstop Airline Routes
From To Airline Aircraft Flying Time Distance (km) Singapore Newark Airbus A 18:50 15,345 Los Angeles 18:05 14,114 Sydney Dallas Qantas Boeing ER 15:25 13,804 Johannesburg Atlanta Delta Boeing LR 17:05 13,582 Dubai Emirates 16:30 13,420 Brisbane 16:00 13,363 Bangkok Thai Airways 17:20 13,309 Houston 16:20 13,144 San Francisco Boeing ER 13,041 New York Hong Kong Cathay Pacific 16:05 12,990 United Boeing ER 15:55 12,980 Doha Qatar Airways 12,951 South African Airways Airbus A 12,825 Melbourne Airbus A380 15:50 12,748 Detroit 15:45 12,645 Chicago Boeing 12,517 Toronto Air Canada 15:20 12,569 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main Air Transport Service Ranges (From New York)

World Air Travel and World Air Freight Carried, 1950-2017
Source: Airlines for America. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Annual Air Transportation Growth (Passengers and Freight) and Economic Growth, 1950-2016
Source: Air Transport Association and World Bank. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Monthly Global Air Passenger Traffic, 2010
Source: IATA. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

New York / Hong Kong Air Routes: Conventional and Polar

Characteristics of Major Air Travel Markets
United States Europe Pacific Asia Deregulation started in 1978 Deregulation started in 1997 Regulated markets with government ownership Low population density and dispersed urban centers High population density and concentrated urban centers Dispersion of urban centers but high regional concentrations Relatively open air spaces and airports Congested air spaces and airports Congested gateway airports and underutilized regional airports Rail minor competitor; Car compete for short distances High speed rail is a direct competitor; Rail is a minor competitor; Car compete for short distances Except for Japan, less competition from other transportation modes; In China HSR becoming a competitor No loyalty to carriers (pricing and frequent flyers) Some lingering loyalty to carriers Strong “imposed” loyalty to carriers Price transparency Price becoming transparent Limited income growth and limited leisure Limited income growth and more leisure time Growing income levels and more leisure time Source: adapted from Randy Baseler (2003) “Market Outlook for Air Travel: A Global Perspective”, 2nd Annual MIT Airline Industry - Washington DC Conference. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks
Before Deregulation After Deregulation Hub Hub Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Annual Passenger Plane Load Factor, World and United States, 1950-2014 (in %)
Source: Airlines for America & BTS. Both domestic and international flights. Load factor is the amount of passenger-miles as a proportion of available seat-miles. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Monthly Passenger Plane Load Factor, United States, 2000-2015 (in %)
Source: Bureau of Transportation Statistics T-100 Segment data. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Domestic Market Share of the top American Airlines, 1977-2012
Source: Based on data from Air Transport World and RITA/BTS. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Major Mergers in the American Air Industry since the 2000s
Source: CNN / Money. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Largest Airlines by Revenue, 2013 (in $millions)
Source: MRO Global Outlook. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Strategies of Low-Cost Carriers
On-board operations Optimum use of seating space. Minimal crew. Limited and paying cabin service. Aircraft operations Few (often one) types of aircraft used to minimize maintenance costs. Stair boarding instead of air bridges. Maximal usage of runway length (take-off thrust and braking on landing). Fast turn around to maximize aircraft use. No freight being carried. Service network Point-to-point services. Destinations commonly of less than two hours apart. Usage of secondary airports (lower gate rates). Booking Online booking to minimize transaction costs. No travel agent commissions. Source: adapted from Graham, B. and T. Vowles (2006) “Carriers within carriers: a strategic response to low-cost airline competition”, Transport Reviews, Vol. 26, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Strategies Used by Airlines to Save Fuel
Dimension Strategy Fleet Retiring less fuel efficient aircrafts (e.g. DC-9, DC10, MD-80). Switching to more fuel efficient aircrafts (e.g. A330, A319). Operations Less engine idle at gates (electrical systems). Lower flying speed (-5%). More frequent plane and engine washing. On board Lighter seats. Removal of seat-pocket documents (e.g. magazines). Less water in bathrooms. Lighter service carts. Passengers Weight restrictions for luggage. Surcharges for first or second check-in luggage. Passengers weight surcharges (?) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Selected Low-Cost Carriers
Airline Country 2005 Fleet 2005 Revenue (USD Millions) Southwest USA 454 B737s 7,584 EasyJet UK 62 A319s; 43 B737s 2,365 Ryanair Ireland 107 B737s 2,044 jetBlue 89 A320s; 19 ERJs 1,701 Air Berlin Germany 8 A319s/A320; s; 3 Other 1,457 Virgin Blue Australia 47 B737s 1,335 WestJet Canada 56 B737s 1,197 Gol Brazil 1,140 Frontier 51 A318s/A319s/A320s 944 AirAsia Malaysia 6 A320s; 21 B737s 174 Source: Air Transport World, July 2006. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Air Freedom Rights First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eight
Home Country B Country A Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eight Ninth Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Air Hubs and Market Fragmentation: The Case of Chicago
Source: adapted from R. Baseler (2003) “Market Outlook for Air Travel: A Global Perspective”, 2nd Annual MIT Airline Industry Conference, Washington DC. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Longitudinal Intermediacy: Icelandair
Source: Network from Icelandair Web Site. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Latitudinal Intermediacy: COPA Airlines
Source: Network from COPA Airlines Web Site. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Composition of Weekly Frequencies on Eastbound Transatlantic Nonstop Routes, 2003
Note: 182 city pairs, March 2003. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Composition of Weekly Frequencies on Westbound Transpacific Nonstop Routes, 2003
Note: 72 city pairs, March 2003. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Development Costs for Selected Aircraft
Year of First Service Development Costs (2004 Dollars) Douglas DC-3 1936 4,300,000 Douglas DC-6 1946 144,000,000 Boeing 707 1958 1,300,000,000 Boeing 747 1970 3,700,000,000 Boeing 777 1995 7,000,000,000 Airbus A380 2007 14,400,000,000 Boeing 787 2012 13,400,000,000 Source: Bowen, J. (2010) The Economic Geography of Air Transportation: Space, Time, and the Freedom of the Sky. London: Routledge. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Operating Profit in the Global Airline Industry, 1960-2013
Source: ICAO Journal, various issues. Airlines for America. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The World’s Most Profitable Airlines, 1994-2004
Source: Based on various issues of Air Transport World. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Jetliners Deliveries from Boeing and Airbus, 1974-2017
Source: Boeing and Airbus Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Stages in Air Network Development
Source: Adapted from O’Connor, K. (1995) “Airport Development in Southeast Asia”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s 10 Largest Passengers and Freight Airlines, 2016
Source: IATA, World Air Transport Statistics Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Passenger and Cargo Share of Operating Revenues, Selected Airlines, 2013
Source: MRO Global Outlook. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Commodities Shipped by Air Freight, 2003
Source: Clancy, B. and D. Hoppin (2004) The MergeGlobal World Air Freight Forecast, MergeGlobal, Inc. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

(JP) Adria Airways (2004), (A3) Aegean Airlines (2010), (AC) Air Canada (founder), (CA) Air China (2007), (AI) Air India (2014), (NZ) Air New Zealand (1999), (NH) All Nippon Airways (1999), (OZ) Asiana Airlines (2003), (OS) Austrian Airlines (2000), (AV) Avianca (2012), (SN) Brussels Airlines (2009), (CM) Copa Airlines (2012), (OU) Croatia Airlines (2004), (MS) EgyptAir (2008), (ET) Ethiopian Airlines (2011), (BR) EVA Air (2013), (LO) LOT Polish Airlines (2003), (LH) Lufthansa (founder), (SK) Scandinavian Airlines (founder), (ZH) Shenzhen Airlines (2012), (SQ) Singapore Airlines (2000), (SA) South African Airways (2006), (LX) Swiss International Air Lines (2006), (TP) TAP Portugal (2005), (TG) Thai Airways International (founder), (TK) Turkish Airlines (2008), (UA) United Airlines (founder) (AA) American Airlines (founder), (BA) British Airways (founder), (CX) Cathay Pacific (founder), (AY) Finnair (1999), (IB) Iberia Airlines (1999), (JL) Japan Airlines (2007), (LA/JJ) LATAM Chile (2000) / LATAM Brasil (2014), (MH) Malaysia Airlines (2013), (QF) Qantas (founder), (QR) Qatar Airways (2013), (RJ) Royal Jordanian (2007), (UL) SriLankan Airlines (2014) (SU) Aeroflot (2006), (AR) Aerolíneas Argentinas (2012, (AM) Aeroméxico (founder), (UX) Air Europa (2007), (AF) Air France (founder), (AZ) Alitalia (2009), (CI) China Airlines (2011), (MU) China Eastern Airlines (2011), (CZ) China Southern Airlines (2007), (OK) Czech Airlines (2001), (DL) Delta Air Lines (founder), (GA) Garuda Indonesia (2014), (KQ) Kenya Airways (2007), (KL) KLM (2004), (KE) Korean Air (founder), (ME) Middle East Airlines (2012), (SV) Saudia (2012), (RO) TAROM (2010), (VN) Vietnam Airlines (2011), (MF) Xiamen Airlines (2012) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Network Effect of Strategic Alliances
B A C E D Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Operating Expenses of the Global Airline Industry, 2005
Source: The Aviation & Aerospace Almanac, ICAO Air Transport Reporting Form EF-1. ATA Annual Report Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Passenger Airlines Operating Costs, United States, 2014
Source: Airlines for America. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Jet Fuel Prices, Source: US Energy Information Administration, U.S. Gulf Coast Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel Spot Price FOB, US$ per gallon Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Operating Revenues of the Airline Industry
Source: ATA Annual Report Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cost Structure of a Typical 100 Passengers Domestic Flight, c2012
Source: adapted from McCartney, S. (2012) “How Airlines Spend Your Airfare”, Wall Street Journal, June 6. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Seat Capacity of Selected Aircrafts, pre-1985 and 1985-2000

Major Air Traffic Flows Between Regions, 2010
North America Europe 1.5% 8.7% 2.2% 13% 1.1% 1.5% 1.9% 19% 2.2% 1% 2.9% 1.1% 2.5% 7% Northeast Asia 1.5% 2% 2.8% 1.6% 2.3% China 1.7% Middle East 1.5% 1.1% 1% Central America 1.3% 1% 1% South Asia 3% Africa Southeast Asia 2% 1.3% South America 2% Source: IATA, World Air Transport Statistics. In revenue passenger-km. Oceania Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The World's Busiest Air Transport Routes, 2012
Source: Amadeus. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World’s 10 Largest International Air Carriers, 2008

World’s 10 Largest Domestic Airlines, 2008

Generation and Attraction of Global Air Freight Flows, 2003 (in billions of ton-km)
Source: Clancy, B. and D. Hoppin (2004) The MergeGlobal World Air Freight Forecast, MergeGlobal, Inc. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Changes in the Duration of Selected Scheduled Flights, 1996-2010 (hours)
Source: Adapted from the Wall Street Journal. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Source: United Nations (2016) Mobilizing Sustainable Transport for Development

Intermodal Transportation

Intermodalism, Multimodalism and Transmodalism
Origin Destination Terminal Road Rail Maritime Carrier Ticket / Contract Ticket / Contract Ticket / Contract Multimodalism Ticket / Contract Transmodalism Rail Rail Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Major Steps in Intermodal Integration
Pallets Fork lifts TOFC (1952) Rail deregulation Blockchain (2015) Container (1956) Rubber-tired gantry (1985) Reachstacker (1985) Doublestacking (1985) Electronic bill of lading Advanced container Container gantry crane and straddle carrier (1959) Dedicated container terminal (1962) Container standardization (1965) Transatlantic container services (1966) COFC (1967) Cellular containership (1968) Satellite terminals Inland container depots Automated terminal (1995) Post-Panamax ship (1996) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Integrated Transport Systems: From Fragmentation to Coordination
Factor Cause Consequence Technology Containerization & IT Modal and intermodal innovations; Tracking shipments and managing fleets Capital investments Returns on investments Highs costs and long amortization; Improve utilization to lessen capital costs Alliances and M & A Deregulation Easier contractual agreements; joint ownership Commodity chains Globalization Coordination of transportation and production (integrated demand) Networks Consolidation and interconnection Economies of scale, efficiency and control. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Benefits of Containerization
Lower freight rates Lower insurance rates Minimal load unit Transport Costs Lower storage costs Lower packing and packaging costs Faster inventory turnover Inventory Costs Time reliability Higher frequency Service Level Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Four Revolutions of Containerization
1- Containerization of Maritime Transport Systems Container port 2- Containerization of Inland Transport Systems Gateway Pendulum Services Intermodal terminal Corridor Asaf Ashar: “The revolutions relate to a series of technological breakthroughs, expanding the boundaries of the shipping system in the pursuit of economies of scope. The first revolution was the unitization of cargo, or containerization, focusing on the ship to shore transfer process and inducing the development of specialized ships and ports. The second was the expansion of containerization to land transport modes, or intermodalism, using the marine boxes for the entire ship to door transport process. This revolution was facilitated by the development of unit-trains with articulated, double stack railcars, on or near dock intermodal yards to handle them, domestic containers (in the US) and near dock transloading terminals to transfer the content of marine to domestic boxes, and hinterland “dry” ports, serving as extensions of the marine ones. The third revolution included the development of transshipment, or ship to ship transfer, linking together different shipping services and expanding the reach of container shipping to smaller ports. The fourth revolution, as depicted there, revolves around a far reaching rationalization of the worldwide service pattern of shipping services intended to create a comprehensive, integrated network, defined there as the global grid. The core service pattern of this grid is cross- Panama, bi-directional (counter rotating) equatorial round the world (ERTW), functioning as the “ring road” for the major east/ west trades,” 3- Intermodal and Transmodal Operations Inland Port Transshipment hub Transloading Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Four Revolutions of Containerization
Phase 1 Phase 3 Inland Port Transshipment hub Phase 2 Phase 4 Gateway CER Intermodal terminal Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Intermodal Transport Chain
Composition ‘Last mile’ Interchange Transfer ‘First mile’ Decomposition Local / Regional Distribution National / International Distribution Transport Terminal Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Intermodal Transportation as an Integrative Force
Multimodal Point-to-Point Network Intermodal Integrated Network C C A A B B Transshipment Rail Road D D Transshipment F F E E Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transloading facility Distribution Center/ Cross-docking
Integrated Freight Transport Systems: Intermodal and Transmodal Connectivity Transloading facility Road Distribution Center/ Cross-docking On-dock rail Intermodal connectivity Rail Thruport Maritime Port container yard Intermediate Hub Transmodal connectivity Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Conditions and Outcomes of Intermodal Transport
Load Unit Intermediate and finished goods in load units of less than 25 tons. Lower Total Transport Costs From economies of scale and the use of more effective modes and intermodal operations. Modal Continuity Sequence of connected infrastructure; an intermodal transport chain. Modal shift Each mode according to their respective time and cost advantages. Transport Distance Distances above 500 km (longer than one day of trucking) usually require intermodal transportation. Consolidation / Deconsolidation The requirement to consolidate and deconsolidate load units at intermodal terminals. X Cargo Value Higher load factor Suitable for intermediate cargo values. Low and high value shipments are usually less suitable. Less LTL and more TL. Better utilization of existing capacity. Frequency of shipments Cargo flows need to be continuous and in similar quantities. Less empty backhaul Less vehicle-km of empty backhauls due to modal shift, higher load factor and consolidation. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Piggyback and Doublestack Train Cars
Piggyback (TOFC) 40’ (12.2 m) 9’ (2.7 m) 17’ (2.7 m) 85’ (25.9 m) Doublestack (COFC) Source: Adapted from Coyle, J.J., E.J. Bardi and R.A. Novack (1994) Transportation, Fourth Edition, St. Paul/Minneapolis: West Publishing Company, p. 262. 18’ (5.5 m) 65’ (19.8 m) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Multimodal Transport System
National / Continental Maritime / Land interface Gateways and Hubs A B C Intermodal Corridor Gateway or Hub Regional E Intermodal terminal H Satellite Terminals and Inland Ports A B C Distribution center G F Modal Link Local E Competition or Complementarity H Distribution Centers G F Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Driving Forces of Containerization and Intermodalism
Unitization Cellular ships Specialized terminals Land consumption Standardization Gantry cranes Transshipment Multi-rate structure Management and coordination Mergers Modal integration Logistics Source: adapted from Hayuth, Y. (1987) Intermodality: Concept and Practice, Essex: Lloyds of London Press. Control over cargo Multimodal operators Through rates and billing Deregulation Intermodalism Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Main Physical Characteristics of Containers
Type Cubic Capacity Tare Weight Payload Weight Gross Weight Length / Width / Height 20 Footer 33.2 cubic meters (1,170 cubic feet) 2,150 kg - 2,220 kg (4,740 lb - 4,894 lb) 21,850 kg - 28,160 kg (48,171 lb - 62,082 lb) 24,000 kg - 30,480 kg (52,911 lb - 67,197 lb) 6.058 m / m / m (20‘0" / 8'0“ / 8'6“) 40 Footer 67.7 cubic meters (2,391 cubic feet) 3,720 kg - 3,740 kg (8,201 lb - 8,245 lb) 26,760 kg - 28,760 kg (58,996 lb - 63,405 lb) 30,480 kg - 32,500 kg (67,197 lb - 71,650 lb) m / m / m (40'0“ / 8'0“ / 8'6") 40 Footer High Cube 76.4 cubic meters (2,700 cubic feet) 3,730 kg - 3,950 kg (8,223 lb - 8,708 lb) 26,750 kg - 28,550 kg (58,974 lb - 62,942 lb) m / m / m (40'0“ / 8'0“ / 9'6") 40 Footer High Cube Reefer 4,810 kg (10,604 lb) 29,190 kg (64,353 lb) 34,000 kg (74,957 lb) (40'0“ / 8'0“ / 9'6“) 45 Footer High Cube 86.5 cubic meters (3,055 cubic feet) 4,740 kg (10,450 lb) 28,280 kg (62,350 lb) 33,020 kg (72,800 lb) m / / m / m (45'0“ / 8'0“ / 9'6“) 48 Footer High Cube 98.8 cubic meters (3,489 cubic feet) 5,140 kg (10,865 lb) 25,340 kg (56,350 lb) 30,480 kg (67,197 lb) m / m / m (48'0“ / 8'6“ / 9'6 1/2") Source: adapted from APL, Equipment Specifications, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Carrying Capacity of Containers (in cubic feet)
Source: adapted from Robert C. Leachman (2005) Port and Modal Elasticity Study, Dept. of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research, University of California at Berkeley. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Standard Container Road Weight Restrictions in the United States
GN (Gooseneck) chassis Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Identification System
Owner Code (3 letters): TGH Product Group Code (1 letter): U Registration Number (6 digits): Check Digit (1 digit): 0 Size & Type Code (4 digits/letters): 45G1 Operational Characteristics Maximum weight: 30,480 kg Container weight: 3,870 kg Payload weight: 26,610 kg Cubic capacity: 2,700 cubic feet Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Common ISO Container Size and Type Codes
Length Height Type 2 20 feet 2 8 feet 6 inches G1 General purpose container 4 40 feet 5 9 feet 6 inches R1 Refrigerated container “High cube” U1 Open top container 1995 ISO standard L 45 feet P1 Platform container M 48 feet T1 Tank container Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

The Container as a Transport, Production and Distribution Unit
Modes, terminals, intermodal and transmodal operations Production Synchronization of inputs and outputs (batches) Distribution Flow management (time-based), warehousing unit Source: Notteboom, T. and J-P Rodrigue (2009) "The Future of Containerization: Perspectives from Maritime and Inland Freight Distribution", Geojournal, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Number of Units and Weight of Standard Consumption Goods that Can be Carried by a 20 Foot Container
Weight Limit Source: adapted from T. Toikka (2006) “The Real Price for Container Transportation between Asia and Europe”, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Department of Industrial Engineering and Management. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World Container Throughput, 1980-2017
Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Containerization Growth Factors
Derived Economic and income growth Globalization (outsourcing) Fragmentation of production and consumption Substitution Functional and geographical diffusion New niches (commodities and cold chain) Capture of bulk and break-bulk markets Incidental Trade imbalances Repositioning of empty containers Induced Transshipment (hubbing, relay and intersection) Source: Adapted from Dewry Shipping Consultants. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Containerization Growth Factors
Decline Derived Economic and income growth Outsourcing and offshoring Complex supply chains Economic recessions Trade protectionism Automation Substitution Capture of bulk and break-bulk markets New niches (commodities and cold chain) Peak substitution Composition of container fleet Incidental Trade imbalances Repositioning of empty containers Trade protectionism Automation Induced Transshipment (hubbing, relay and intersection) Changes in shipping networks (more direct services)

Container Usage during its Life-Span
Source: adapted from Crinks, P. (2000) Container Usage Asset Management in the Global Container Logistics Chain, International Asset Systems. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Advantages of Containerization
Factor Advantage Standard transport product ISO standard. Specialized ships, trucks and wagons. Unique identification number and size type code. Flexibility of usage Commodities (coal, wheat), manufactured goods, cars, frozen products. Adapted containers for dry cargo, liquids (oil and chemical products) and refrigerated cargo. Reuse of discarded containers. Costs Low transport costs; 20 times less than bulk transport. Economies of scale at modes and terminals. Velocity Fast transshipment operations. Low terminal turnaround times (port time reduced from 3 weeks to about 24 hours). Warehousing Own warehouse; Simpler and less expensive packaging. Stacking capability on ships, trains (doublestacking) and on the ground. Security and Safety Contents of the container is unknown to carriers. Can only be opened at the origin, at customs and at the destination. Reduced spoilage and losses (theft). Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Challenges of Containerization
Factor Challenge Site constraints Large consumption of terminal space (mostly for storage); move to urban periphery. Draft issues with larger containerships (more than 13 meters). Infrastructure costs Container handling infrastructures and equipment (giant cranes, warehousing facilities, inland road, rail access), are important investments. Stacking Complexity of arrangement of containers, both on the ground and on modes (containerships and double-stack trains). Restacking difficult to avoid. Empty movements Many containers are moved empty (20% of all flows). Either full or empty, a container takes the same amount of space. Divergence between production and consumption; repositioning. Theft and losses High value goods and a load unit that can opened or carried (on truck). Vulnerability between terminal and final destination. 10,000 containers are lost at sea each year (fall overboard). Illicit trade Common instrument used in the illicit trade of goods, drugs and weapons, as well as for illegal immigration. Concerns about the usage of containers for terrorism. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Advantages and Drawbacks of Containerization
Standardization ISO standard (modes and equipment). Unique identification number and size type code. Site Constraints Large consumption of terminal space. Draft issues with larger containerships. Flexibility Commodities, manufactured goods, liquids and refrigerated goods. Capital Intensiveness Container handling infrastructures and equipment are important investments. $ Costs Stacking Low transport costs. Economies of scale at modes and terminals. Complexity of arrangement of containers, both on the ground and on modes. $ Velocity Fast transshipment operations. Low terminal turnaround times. Repositioning Divergence between production and consumption; repositioning. 20% of all containers. Warehousing Own warehouse; simpler and less expensive packaging. Stacking capability. Theft and Losses High value goods vulnerable to thefts, particularly between terminal and final destination. Security & Safety Illicit Trade Contents unknown to carriers. Reduced spoilage and losses. Illicit trade of goods, drugs and weapons, as well as for illegal immigration. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Shipping Costs and Cargo Value
Products Items / 40 Foot Container Retail Value (USD) Freight / Value (%) Low High Clothing (low value) 90,000 130,000 225,000 520,000 0.56 1.91 Clothing (mid range) 25,000 60,000 500,000 3,600,000 0.08 0.86 Sports shoes 18,000 28,000 350,000 2,520,000 0.12 0.23 Bicycles 1,200 1,600 240,000 480,000 0.60 1.79 Toys (low quality) 20,000 720,000 0.40 7.17 Consumer electronics (small) 2,800 3,600 170,000 430,000 0.67 2.53 Consumer electronics (large) 240 480 70,000 140,000 2.07 6.14 Appliances (small) 600 45,000 100,000 2.90 9.56 Appliances (large) 100 130 30,000 65,000 4.16 14.33 Furniture (assembled) 250 150,000 1.93 21.50 Furniture (flat packed) 1,000 3,000 360,000 0.80 Automobile parts 15,000 50,000 375,000 0.77 8.60 Source: OECD (2005) DSTI/DOT/MTC(2005)5/REV1 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 1995-2017 (in millions of TEUs)
Source: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport, various years. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Containerized Imports and Exports between Main Economic Region, 2013

Containerized Cargo Flows along Major Trade Routes, 2012
Million TEUs 13.3 (+175%) Growth ( ) 13.1 6.9 (+48%) Asia 16.0 27.0 North America 6.3 (+178%) 10.5 13.7 (+293%) Imports (M TEUs) 2.7 (+55%) 17.3 Europe 3.6 (+23%) 9.0 Exports (M TEUs) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

North American Containerized Trade with Asia, 1996-2012 (TEUs)
Source: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Value Per Ton of U.S. Freight Shipments by Transportation Mode, 1993-2007
Source: BTS. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Intermodal Transportation Cost Function
Local / Regional Distribution Costs Decomposition C(dc) National / International Distribution Costs Connection C(cn) Costs C(I) Interchange C(cn) Connection Composition C(cp) Origin Transshipment Destination Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Time and Cost of Transport Activities Involving Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe Source: Cost of Operations and Time for Shipping a 40’ Container; in APEC’s Congestion Points Study, Phase III, Best Practices Manual and Technical Report, Volume 2 Sea Transport, Feb. 1997, p. 105. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Cumulative Cost and Time of Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe Source: Cost of Operations and Time for Shipping a 40’ Container; in APEC’s Congestion Points Study, Phase III, Best Practices Manual and Technical Report, Volume 2 Sea Transport, Feb. 1997, p. 105. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Time and Cost of Transport Activities Involving Moving a 40 Foot Container between the American East Coast and Western Europe Source: Cost of Operations and Time for Shipping a 40’ Container; in APEC’s Congestion Points Study, Phase III, Best Practices Manual and Technical Report, Volume 2 Sea Transport, Feb. 1997, p. 105. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Transport Costs, 2000s
Source: Stopford, M. (2002) Is the Drive For Ever Bigger Containerships Irresistible?, Lloyds List Shipping Forecasting Conference, Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Monthly Intermodal Equipment Depreciation Factors
Source: BNSF Intermodal Rules and Policies Guide, 2008, About 13 years for containers and 18 years for chassis Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Transport Costs from Inland China to US West Coast ($US per TEU)
Source: R. Carruthers and J.N. Bajpai (2002) “Trends in Trade and Logistics: An East Asian Perspective.” Working Paper No. 2, Transport Sector Unit. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Price of New Containers, 2001-2008
Source: Containerization International (various Issues); from S. Theofanis and M. Boile (2008) “Empty Marine Container Logistics: Facts, Issues and Management Strategies”, Geojournal. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Container Lease Rates, 2003-2008
Source: Containerization International (various Issues); from S. Theofanis and M. Boile (2008) “Empty Marine Container Logistics: Facts, Issues and Management Strategies”, Geojournal. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Composition of the Global Fleet of Containers, 2008
Source: Containerization International Market Analysis, World Container Census 2008. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Composition of the Global Fleet of Containers, 2012
Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Global Container Fleet, 2003-2009
Source: Containerisation International, Market Analysis: World Container Census 2010 Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

World Container Production, 2007
Source: UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Composition of the American Domestic Container Fleet, 2003-2012
Source: TTX. Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Economies and Diseconomies of Scale in Container Shipping
Costs per TEU Transshipment Inland Transportation Maritime Shipping Capacity in TEU Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Functional Integration of Supply Chains
Maritime Distribution Inland Distribution Shipping Agent Custom Agent Rail / Trucking Trucking Freight Forwarder Stevedore Distribution center Shipping Line Carrier Customer Economies of scale Source: adapted from Robinson, R. (2002) “Ports as Elements in Value-Driven Chain Systems: The New Paradigm”, Maritime Policy and Management, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp Megacarrier Level of functional integration Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Impacts of River / Sea Shipping
Origin Road / Rail Fluvial Port Fluvial Seaport Maritime River/sea Fluvial Source: adapted from Charlier, 1994. Road / Rail Destination A B C Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Digital Intermodalism: Blockchains and Intermodal Transportation
Distribution Center Distribution Center Port Port Inland Port Truck Ship Rail Truck Physical Flows Carrier Packaging Packing Palletizing Empty receiving Stuffing / Loading Gate entry Yard drop off Stacking Berth drop off Loading Unloading Stacking Inspection Yard pick up Gate exit Unloading Stacking Yard pick up Gate exit Receiving Unstuffing Depalletizing Stocking Empty return Operations Certificate of origin Commercial invoice Packing list Insurance Booking Order # Container # Entry date Container # Customs clearance Yard slot # Loading date Demurrage Events Unloading date Container # Customs clearance Yard slot # Pickup date Demurrage Events Unloading date Container # Yard slot # Pickup date Demurrage Events Receiving date Order # Container # Information Flows Gate date Pickup date Container # Equipment # Events Pickup date Container # Equipment # Events Arrival notice Pickup date Container # Equipment # Events Pickup date Container # Equipment # Events The costs of processing and administering trade documents are estimated to represent 20% of the actual physical transportation costs. Order Trucking BoL Master BoL Rail BoL Trucking BoL Receipt Blockchain Smart Contracts Match consignment with BoL Pay supplier (FOB) Match consignment with BoL Pay supplier (CIF) Match order, invoice, shipment Pay truck carrier Pay supplier (CIP) Copyright © , Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.

Transportation Modes (Part II)

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Transportation Modes (Part II)

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