Periodic Table of the Elements

Periodic Table of the Elements
Written by: Bill Byles - Modified by Jeff Christopherson -

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
1 He 2 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 41 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 La 57 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Ac 89 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Select an element Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 ( = Internet link ) Other Physical DATA

Printable Periodic Tables
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Groups of Elements 1A 8A H He 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Li Be B C N O F Ne Na
Alkali metals 5A Nitrogen group H 1 2A Alkaline earth metals 6A Oxygen group He 2 1 1 2A Transition metals 7A Halogens 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 3A Boron group 8A Noble gases Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 2 4A Carbon group Hydrogen Inner transition metals Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 3 8B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 6 * * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 7 W W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 * Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 W

Groups of Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
1 He 2 1 1 IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 2 Alkali metals Halogens Alkaline earth metals Other non-metals Transition metals Lanthanides Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 3 Other metals Actinides Noble gases K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 6 * * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 7 W W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 * Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 W

Wikipedia Elements listed Alphabetically
Printable Periodic Table Elements listed Alphabetically Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dysprosium Dubnium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Rutherfordium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Unniloctium Unnilpentium Unnilquadium Unnilseptium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

Periodic Table 8A 1A He H 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2A B C N O F Ne Li Be Si P S
Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals He 2 H 1 1 1 Transition metals 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2A Boron group B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Li 3 Be 4 Nonmetals 2 2 Noble gases Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 3 3 8B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 4 4 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 5 5 At 85 Rn 86 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 6 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 7 Lanthanoid Series 6 La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 C Solid Actinoid Series Br Liquid 7 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 H Gas

Dutch Periodic Table 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743

Chinese Periodic Table

Stowe’s Periodic Table
Physicist Timmothy Stowe's periodic table places elements in discrete levels. It is plotted in three dimensions, with the three axes representing the principal quantam number, n the orbital quantam number, l and the orbital magnetic quantam number, ml. Physicist Timmothy Stowe's periodic table places elements in discrete levels. It is plotted in three dimensions, with the three axes representing the principal quantam number, n the orbital quantam number, l and the orbital magnetic quantam number, ml. Physicist Timmothy Stowe's periodic table places elements in discrete levels. It is plotted in three dimensions, with the three axes representing the principal quantum number, n the orbital quantum number, l and the orbital magnetic quantum number, ml.

Benfrey’s Periodic Table
Thoedor Benfrey’s 1960 Version of the Periodic Table

developed by Mohd Abubakr, Hyderabad, India

How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs

Discovering the Periodic Table
Ne Ar Kr Xe Po Rn Ra Eu Lu Pa Ac C S Fe Cu Ag Sn Au Hg Pb Ancient Times Tc Hf Re At Fr Pm Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He Sc Ga Ge Rb Ru In Cs Tl Pr Nd Sm Gd Dy Ho Tm Yb La Cr Mn Li K N O F Na B Be H Al Si Cl Ca Ti V Co Ni Se Br Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Rh Pd Cd Te I Ba Ta W Os Ir Mg Ce Tb Er Th U P Zn As Sb Pt Bi Midd Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 1965- The Noble Gases At the start of the 1890s, no one had any idea that there was a separate group of gases in the periodic table, the noble gases. Noble gases are familiar to us from their use in neon signs and helium balloons. By 1900 this whole new group had been identified and isolated. While trying to determine an accurate atomic mass for nitrogen, British physicist Lord Raleigh ( ) discovered that nitrogen prepared from ammonia was noticeably lighter than nitrogen that came from the atmosphere. He and William Ramsay ( ) both studied “atmospheric” nitrogen. By removing the nitrogen from it, they produced a tiny quantity of another gas. Since it did not react with anything they called it argon, from the Greek word for lazy. The discovery of helium followed a year later in Ramsay and his assistant Morris Travers ( ) then started to search for additional elements in this new group. They attempted this by fractional distillation of large quantities of liquid air and argon. In 1898, their efforts were rewarded; they had prepared krypton, neon, and xenon. Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 32 Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989

METALS Metals and Nonmetals Nonmetals Metalloids H He Li Be B C N O F
1 He 2 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 Nonmetals N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 METALS Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Metalloids Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

Diatomic Elements H2 He Li Be B C N2 O2 F2 Ne Na Mg Al Si P S S Cl2 Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Chemistry of the Groups
Elements with similar chemical behavior are in the same group. Elements of Group 1 are Elements of Group 2 are the Elements of Group 17 are the Elements of Group 18 are the alkali metals alkaline earths halogens noble gases Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Alkali Metals, Group 1 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

The alkali metals (Group 1) - The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). - Hydrogen is placed in Group 1 but is not a metal. - The alkali metals react readily with nonmetals to give ions with a +1 charge. - Compounds of alkali metals are common in nature and daily life. 1 H 1 Li 3 Na 11 K 19 Rb 37 Cs 55 Fr 87 Group 1, the alkali metals – Elements are hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium; the heaviest element (francium) is radioactive – Become less reactive with air or water as their atomic numbers decrease – Alkali metals have ns1 valence-electron configurations and the lowest electronegativity of any group – Have a strong tendency to lose their single electron valence electron to form compounds in the +1 oxidation state, producing the EX monohalides and the E2O oxides – Very reactive and are powerful reducing agents – Used in lithium batteries and cardiac pacemakers; are important industrial chemicals and are important in biology Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Alkaline Earth Metals, Group 2
He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

The alkaline earths (Group 2) - The alkaline earths are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). - All are metals that react readily with nonmetals to give ions with a 2 charge. 2 Be 4 Ca 20 Sr 38 Ba 56 Ra 88 Mg 12 Group 2, the alkaline earth metals – Consist of beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium; the heaviest element, radium, is radioactive – Beryllium is relatively unreactive but forms many covalent compounds whereas the other group members are much more reactive metals and form ionic compounds – All alkaline earth elements have ns2 valence-electron configurations – All have low electronegativities – Behave chemically as metals and lose two valence electrons to form compounds in the +2 oxidation state – Are commercially important and are important biologically Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Halogens, Group 17 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

The halogens (Group 17) - The halogens are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) iodine (), and astatine (At). - They react readily with metals to form ions with a 1 charge. 17 F 9 Cl 17 Br 35 I 53 At 85 Element At. Mass Normal Form at STP b.p., oC Fluorine F F2 pale-yellow gas Group 17, the Halogens – The halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. – All halogens have an ns2np5 valence-electron configuration. – All but astatine are diatomic molecules in which the two halogen atoms share a pair of electrons. – They were not isolated until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. – Halogens are nonmetallic and react by gaining one electron per atom to attain a noble gas electron configuration and an oxidation state of –1. – They have high electronegativities. – Elemental fluorine is the most reactive of the halogens and iodine the least. – Halides are produced according to the following equation, in which X denotes a halogen: E + n X2  EXn 2 – If the element E has a low electronegativity, the product is an ionic halide, nonvolatile substances with high melting points. – If the element E is highly electronegative, the product is a covalent halide, volatile substances with low melting points. – Halogens react with hydrogen to form the hydrogen halides (HX): H2(g) + X2 (g, l, s)  2HX (g) – Fluorine, the most electronegative element, never has a positive oxidation state in any compound. – Other halogens (Cl, Br, ) form compounds in which their oxidation states are +1, +3, +5, and +7, as in the oxoanions (XO-n), where n = 1-4 – All of the halogens except astatine (radioactive) are commercially important. Chlorine Cl Cl2 greenish-yellow gas Bromine Br Br2 red-brown liquid Iodine I I2 black solid (m.p.113oC) Astatine At (210) Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Noble Gases, Group 18 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K

The noble gases (Group 18) - are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon, (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn); - are monatomic; - are unreactive gases at room temperature and pressure; - are called inert gases. 18 He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86 Group 18, the noble gases – Noble gases are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. – All have filled valence-electron configuration. – They are referred to as either rare gases or inert gases. – They are monatomic gases that are chemically unreactive. – They are the last major family of elements to be discovered. – They have EA  0 so they do not form compounds in which they have negative oxidation states. – The only noble gases that form compounds in which they have positive oxidation states are Kr, Xe, and Rn, only xenon forms an extensive series of compounds, radon is radioactive, and krypton has a high ionization energy. – Some of the noble gas compounds are commercially significant. Copyright © Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Chalcogens, Group 16 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K

Group 16, the Chalcogens – The chalcogens are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. All of the chalcogens have ns2np4 valence-electron configurations. Their chemistry is dominated by three oxidation states: 1. –2, in which two electrons are added to achieve the closed-shell electron of the next noble gas. 2. +6, in which all six valence electrons are lost to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas. 3. +4, in which only the four np electrons are lost to give a filled ns2 subshell. 16 O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 Po 84 The chalcogens possess different properties. 1. Oxygen - Has unique properties - In its most common form, it is a diatomic gas (O2) - Has the second highest electronegativity of any element - Chemistry dominated by the –2 oxidation state - Constitutes 20% of the atmosphere and is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust - Essential for life because metabolism is based on the oxidation of organic compounds by O2 to produce CO2 and H2O - Used commercially in the conversion of pig iron to steel, as an oxidant in torches, as a fuel, and in hospital respirators 2. Sulfur - A volatile solid that contains S8 rings - Can form compounds in all three oxidation states - Accepts electrons from less-electronegative elements and donates electrons to more-electronegative elements - Employed in a wide variety of commercial products and processes 3. Selenium and tellurium - Are gray or silver solids that have chains of atoms - Likely to be found in positive oxidation states - Selenium used in light-sensitive applications 4. Polonium - A silvery metal with a regular array of atoms - A highly radioactive metallic element Copyright © Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Pnicogens, Group 15 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Group 15, the Pnicogens – The pnicogens are nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. – All the pnicogens have ns2np3 valence-electron configurations, leading to three common oxidation states: 1. –3, in which three electrons are added to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the next noble gas 2. +5, in which all five valence electrons are lost to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas 3. +3, in which only the three np electrons are lost to give a filled ns2 subshell 15 N 7 P 15 As 33 Sb 51 Bi 83 The pnicogens possess different properties. 1. Nitrogen - A nonmetal but under standard conditions is a diatomic gas (N2) - Accepts electrons from most elements to form compounds in the –3 oxidation state - Has only positive oxidation states when combined with highly electronegative elements - Present in most biological molecules - Used agriculturally in huge amounts, as preservatives in meat products and in explosives 2. Phosphorus - A nonmetal that consists of three allotropes - Combines with active metals and hydrogen to produce compounds in which they have a –3 oxidation state - Attains oxidation states of +3 and +5 when combined with more electronegative elements - Essential for life and is used in fertilizers, toothpaste, and baking powder 3. Arsenic - A semimetal with extended three-dimensional network structures - Can combine with active metals and hydrogen to produce compounds in which they have a –3 oxidation state - Is toxic and is used in pesticides and poisons 4. Antimony - Unreactive metal but forms compounds with oxygen and the halogens in which the oxidation states are +3 and +5 - Used in metal alloys 5. Bismuth - A silvery metal with a pink tint, used in metal alloys - An unreactive metal but forms compounds with oxygen and the halogens in which their oxidation states are +3 and +5 Copyright © Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

– Group 14 elements straddle the diagonal line that divides nonmetals from metals. – Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium are semimetals, and tin and lead are metals. – Group-14 elements have the ns2np2 valence-electron configuration. – Group-14 elements have three oxidation states: 1. –4, in which four electrons are added to achieve the closed-shell electron configuration of the next noble gas 2. +4, in which all four valence electrons are lost to give the closed- shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas 3. +2, in which the loss of two np2 electrons gives a filled ns2 subshell – Electronegativities of the Group-14 elements are lower than those of Groups 15–18. – All form compounds in the +4 oxidation states, so they are able to form dioxides and tetrachlorides. – Only the two metallic elements tin and lead form an extensive series of compounds in the +2 oxidation state. – Group-14 elements possess different properties: 1. Carbon - Forms covalent compounds with a wide variety of elements and is the basis of all organic compounds - Has at least four allotropes that are stable at room temperature: graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and nanotubes 2. Silicon and germanium - Have strong, three-dimensional network structures - Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth’s crust 3. Tin and lead - Elemental tin and lead are metallic solids - Tin is used to make alloys - Lead is toxic - Lead is used in lead storage batteries Copyright © Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

– Of the Group-13 elements, only the lightest, boron, lies on the diagonal line that separates nonmetals and metals, it is a semimetal and possesses an unusual structure. – The rest of Group 13 are metals (aluminum, gallium, indium, and thallium) and are typical metallic solids. – Elements of Group 13 are highly reactive and form stable compounds with oxygen. – Elements of Group 13 have ns2np1 valence-electron configurations. – Group-13 elements have two oxidation states: 1. +3, from losing three valence electrons to give the closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas 2. +1, from losing the single electron in the np subshell – Group-13 elements have high electron affinities. – Boron has a melting point and is resistant to corrosion, it is used in materials that are exposed to extreme conditions and is a major component of glass. – Aluminum is widely used and is valued for its combination of low density, high strength, and corrosion resistance. Copyright © Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Lanthanide Series H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Actinide Series H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc
V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu La Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

H He H Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
hydrogen alkali metals alkaline earth metals transition metals poor metals nonmetals noble gases rare earth metals H 1 He 2 H 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

The Periodic Table * * Lanthanides Y Y Actinides Alkaline H He Li Be B
Noble gases Alkaline earth metals Halogens 1 18 H 1 He 2 2 13 14 15 16 17 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 Mg 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 Transition metals K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Alkali metals Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 * Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Y Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Uun 110 Uuu 111 Uub 112 Uuq 113 Uuh 116 Uuo 118 * Lanthanides La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Y Actinides Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

Orbitals Being Filled Groups 1 8 2 1s 1 3 4 5 6 7 1s 2s 2 2p 3 3s 3p
1s 2s 2 2p 3 3s 3p Periods 4s 3d 4p 4 4d 5p 5 5s La 5d 6p 6 6s Ac 6d 7 7s 4f Lanthanide series 5f Actinide series Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 345

Electron Filling in Periodic Table
s s p 1 2 d 3 4 5 6 * 7 W f * W

Metallic Characteristic
metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases

Periodic Table s s H He H p Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg d Al Si P S Cl Ar
1 He 2 H 1 p 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 2 Na 11 Mg 12 d Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 6 * * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 7 W W f La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 * Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 W

Melting Points H He Mg Symbol Melting point oC Li Be B C N O F Ne
-259.2 He -269.7 1 1 Mg 650 Symbol Melting point oC Li 180.5 Be 1283 B 2027 C 4100 N -210.1 O -218.8 F -219.6 Ne -248.6 2 2 > 3000 oC oC Na 98 Mg 650 Al 660 Si 1423 P 44.2 S 119 Cl -101 Ar -189.6 3 3 K 63.2 Ca 850 Sc 1423 Ti 1677 V 1917 Cr 1900 Mn 1244 Fe 1539 Co 1495 Ni 1455 Cu 1083 Zn 420 Ga 29.78 Ge 960 As 817 Se 217.4 Br -7.2 Kr -157.2 4 4 Rb 38.8 Sr 770 Y 1500 Zr 1852 Nb 2487 Mo 2610 Tc 2127 Ru 2427 Rh 1966 Pd 1550 Ag 961 Cd 321 In 156.2 Sn 231.9 Sb 630.5 Te 450 I 113.6 Xe -111.9 5 5 Cs 28.6 Ba 710 La 920 Hf 2222 Ta 2997 W 3380 Re 3180 Os 2727 Ir 2454 Pt 1769 Au 1063 Hg -38.9 Tl 303.6 Pb 327.4 Bi 271.3 Po 254 At Rn -71 6 6 Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999

Densities of Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K
0.071 He 0.126 1 1 Li 0.53 Be 1.8 B 2.5 C 2.26 N 0.81 O 1.14 F 1.11 Ne 1.204 2 2 Na 0.97 Mg 1.74 Al 2.70 Si 2.4 P 1.82w S 2.07 Cl 1.557 Ar 1.402 3 3 K 0.86 Ca 1.55 Sc (2.5) Ti 4.5 V 5.96 Cr 7.1 Mn 7.4 Fe 7.86 Co 8.9 Ni 8.90 Cu 8.92 Zn 7.14 Ga 5.91 Ge 5.36 As 5,7 Se 4.7 Br 3.119 Kr 2.6 4 4 Rb 1.53 Sr 2.6 Y 5.51 Zr 6.4 Nb 8.4 Mo 10.2 Tc 11.5 Ru 12.5 Rh 12.5 Pd 12.0 Ag 10.5 Cd 8.6 In 7.3 Sn 7.3 Sb 6.7 Te 6.1 I 4.93 Xe 3.06 5 5 Cs 1.90 Ba 3.5 La 6.7 Hf 13.1 Ta 16.6 W 19.3 Re 21.4 Os 22.48 Ir 22.4 Pt 21.45 Au 19.3 Hg 13.55 Tl 11.85 Pb 11.34 Bi 9.8 Po 9.4 At --- Rn 4.4 6 6 Element Year Discovered Density (g/cm3) Osmium Iridium Platinum Rhenium Neptunium Plutonium Gold prehistoric Tungsten Uranium Tantalum 8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3 12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3 > 18.0 g/cm3 Mg 1.74 Symbol Density in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L W

Electronegativities Period H B P As Se Ru Rh Pd Te Os Ir Pt Au Po At
2.1 B 2.0 P As Se 2.4 Ru 2.2 Rh Pd Te Os Ir Pt Au Po At 1 1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Actinides: Li 1.0 Ca Sc 1.3 Sr Y 1.2 Zr 1.4 Hf Mg La 1.1 Ac Lanthanides: * y Be 1.5 Al Si 1.8 Ti V 1.6 Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 1.9 Zn 1.7 Ga Ge Nb Mo Tc Ag Cd In Sn Sb Ta W Re Hg Tl Pb Bi N 3.0 O 3.5 F 4.0 Cl C 2.5 S Br 2.8 I 2 2 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb Cs 0.7 Ba Fr Ra Below 1.0 3 3 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B Period 4 4 5 5 6 6 Linus Pauling ( ) awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1954 for his 1939 text, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, and also won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his fight to control nuclear weapons. The greater the electronegativity of an atom in a molecule, the more strongly it attracts the electrons in a covalent bond. 7 Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373

s s s s H 1s1 He 1s2 H 1s1 p p 1 1 Li 2s1 Be 2s2 B 2p1 C 2p2 N 2p3 O 2p4 F 2p5 Ne 2p6 2 2 Na 3s1 Mg 3s2 d d Al 3p1 Si 3p2 P 3p3 S 3p4 Cl 3p5 Ar 3p6 3 3 K 4s1 Ca 4s2 Sc 3d1 Ti 3d2 V 3d3 Cr 3d5 Mn 3d5 Fe 3d6 Co 3d7 Ni 3d8 Cu 3d10 Zn 3d10 Ga 4p1 Ge 4p2 As 4p3 Se 4p4 Br 4p5 Kr 4p6 4 4 Rb 5s1 Sr 5s2 Y 4d1 Zr 4d2 Nb 4d4 Mo 4d5 Tc 4d6 Ru 4d7 Rh 4d8 Pd 4d10 Ag 4d10 Cd 4p1 In 5p1 Sn 5p2 Sb 5p3 Te 5p4 I 5p5 Xe 5p6 5 5 Cs 6s1 Ba 6s2 Hf 5d2 Ta 5d3 W 5d4 Re 5d5 Os 5d6 Ir 5d7 Pt 5d9 Au 5d10 Hg 5d10 Tl 6p1 Pb 6p2 Bi 6p3 Po 6p4 At 6p5 Rn 6p6 6 6 * * Fr 7s1 Ra 7s2 Rf 6d2 Db 6d3 Sg 6d4 Bh 6d5 Hs 6d6 Mt 6d7 7 7 W W f f La 5d1 Ce 4f2 Pr 4f3 Nd 4f4 Pm 4f5 Sm 4f6 Eu 4f7 Gd 4f7 Tb 4f9 Dy 4f10 Ho 4f11 Er 4f12 Tm 4f13 Yb 4f14 Lu 4f114 * * Ac 6d1 Th 6d2 Pa 5f2 U 5f3 Np 5f4 Pu 5f6 Am 5f7 Cm 5f7 Bk 5f8 Cf 5f10 Es 5f11 Fm 5f14 Md 5f13 No 5f14 Lr 5f14 W W

Atomic Radii = 1 Angstrom IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi = 1 Angstrom

Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm)
1A A A A A A A Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba Tl Pb At Bi Po LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175

Atomic Radii Ionic Radii = 1 Angstrom = 1 Angstrom
0.95 IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA = 1 Angstrom Li1+ Be2+ Na1+ Mg2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+ K1+ Rb1+ Cs1+ Cl1- N3- O2- F1- S2- Se2- Br1- Te2- I1- Al3+ Ga3+ In3+ Tl3+ IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li Na K Rb Cs Cl S P Si Al Br Se As Ge Ga I Te Sb Sn In Tl Pb Bi Mg Ca Sr Ba Be F O N C B = 1 Angstrom

Ionization Energies Period H He Mg Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S
Group 1 18 H 1312 Symbol First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) He 2372 1 1 Mg 738 2 13 14 15 16 17 Li 520 Be 900 B 801 C 1086 N 1402 O 1314 F 1681 Ne 2081 2 2 Na 496 Mg 738 Al 578 Si 787 P 1012 S 1000 Cl 1251 Ar 1521 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Period K 419 Ca 590 Sc 633 Ti 659 V 651 Cr 653 Mn 717 Fe 762 Co 760 Ni 737 Cu 746 Zn 906 Ga 579 Ge 762 As 947 Se 941 Br 1140 Kr 1351 4 4 Rb 403 Sr 550 Y 600 Zr 640 Nb 652 Mo 684 Tc 702 Ru 710 Rh 720 Pd 804 Ag 731 Cd 868 In 558 Sn 709 Sb 834 Te 869 I 1008 Xe 1170 5 5 Cs 376 Ba 503 La 538 * Hf 659 Ta 761 W 770 Re 760 Os 839 Ir 878 Pt 868 Au 890 Hg 1007 Tl 589 Pb 716 Bi 703 Po 812 At -- Rn 1038 6 6 Linus Pauling ( ) awarded Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1954 for his 1939 text, The Nature of the Chemical Bond, and also won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962 for his fight to control nuclear weapons. The greater the electronegativity of an atom in a molecule, the more strongly it attracts the electrons in a covalent bond. Fr -- Ra 509 Ac 490 y Rf -- Db -- Sg -- Bh -- Hs -- Mt -- Ds -- Uuu -- Uub -- Uut -- Uuq -- Uup -- Uuo -- 7 * Lanthanide series Ce 534 Pr 527 Nd 533 Pm 536 Sm 545 Eu 547 Gd 592 Tb 566 Dy 573 Ho 581 Er 589 Tm 597 Yb 603 Lu 523 y Actinide series Th 587 Pa 570 U 598 Np 600 Pu 585 Am 578 Cm 581 Bk 601 Cf 608 Es 619 Fm 627 Md 635 No 642 Lr --

First Ionization Energies (in kilojoules per mole)
H 1312.1 He 2372.5 Li 520.3 Be 899.5 B 800.7 C 1086.5 N 1402.4 O 1314.0 F 1681.1 Ne 2080.8 Na 495.9 Mg 737.8 Al 577.6 Si 786.5 P 1011.8 S 999.7 Cl 1251.2 Ar 1520.6 Metals have low ionization energy; nonmetals have high ionization energy. This experimental data gives evidence for: 1) effect of increasing nuclear charge 2) stability of octet 3) effect of increased radius 4) s & p sublevel in outer level SUGGESTION: Emphasize that theories came from experimental evidence! K 418.9 Ca 589.9 Ga 578.6 Ge 761.2 As 946.5 Se 940.7 Br 1142.7 Kr 1350.8 Rb 402.9 Sr 549.2 In 558.2 Sn 708.4 Sb 833.8 Te 869.0 I 1008.7 Xe 1170.3 Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188

First Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
p H 1312.1 He 2372.5 Li 520.3 Be 899.5 B 800.7 C 1086.5 N 1402.4 O 1314.0 F 1681.1 Ne 2080.8 Na 495.9 Mg 737.8 Al 577.6 Si 786.5 P 1011.8 S 999.7 Cl 1251.2 Ar 1520.6 Metals have low ionization energy; nonmetals have high ionization energy. This experimental data gives evidence for: 1) effect of increasing nuclear charge 2) stability of octet 3) effect of increased radius 4) s & p sublevel in outer level SUGGESTION: Emphasize that theories came from experimental evidence! K 418.9 Ca 589.9 Ga 578.6 Ge 761.2 As 946.5 Se 940.7 Br 1142.7 Kr 1350.8 Rb 402.9 Sr 549.2 In 558.2 Sn 708.4 Sb 833.8 Te 869.0 I 1008.7 Xe 1170.3 Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188

Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 1st 498 736 577 787 1063 1000 1255 1519 2nd 4560 1445 1815 1575 1890 2260 2295 2665 3rd 6910 7730 2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945 4th 9540 10,600 11,600 4350 4950 4565 5160 5770 5th 13,400 13,600 15,000 16,100 6270 6950 6560 7320 6th 16,600 18,000 18,310 19,800 21,200 8490 9360 8780 Ionization energy increases with the removal of each additional electron. Metals have low ionization energy; nonmetals have high ionization energy. This experimental data gives evidence for: 1) effect of increasing nuclear charge 2) stability of octet 3) effect of increased radius 4) s & p sublevel in outer level SUGGESTION: Emphasize that theories came from experimental evidence! Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.

Essential Elements Elements in organic matter H He Major minerals Li
1 He 2 Major minerals Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Trace elements Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Minerals are considered the inorganic elements of the body. Minerals fall into two categories – the major minerals and the trace minerals, or trace elements, as they are sometimes called. Trace elements are minerals with dietary daily requirements of 100 mg or less. They are found in foods derived from both plants and animals. Though these elements are present in very small quantities, they perform a variety of essential functions in the body. Cs 55 Ba 56 La 57 Hf 72 Ta 72 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748

Oxidation State of Elements
Group 1 18 Be2+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+ Ba2+ H+ Li+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Mg2+ N O B L E G A S 1 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 N3- O2- F1- 2 2 Al3+ S2- Cl1- 3 3 Transition metals Period Zn2+ Se2- Br1- 4 4 Ag1+ Te2- I1- 5 5 6 6

Orbitals Being Filled Groups 1 8 2 3 4 5 6 7 Li1+ Be2+ F1- O2- Cl1-
Li1+ Be2+ F1- O2- Cl1- Na1+ Te2- Al3+ S2- Br1- K1+ Te2- Zn2+ Ga3+ Se2- I1- Rb1+ Te2- Ag1+ In3+ Te2- Transition metals form cations with various charges. Cs1+ Te2-

Summary of Periodic Trends
Shielding is constant Atomic radius decreases Ionization energy increases Electronegativity increases Nuclear charge increases 1A Ionization energy decreases Electronegativity decreases Nuclear charge increases Atomic radius increases Shielding increases Ionic size increases 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions) decreases decreases

H He H Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
1 He 2 H 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

Electron Configuration
1 H Hydrogen Hydrogen N Name: Hydrogen Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Hydrogen? Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776. Electron Configuration H = 1s1

2 He Helium Helium N pslawinski, metal-halide.net Name: Helium Symbol: He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C (1.15 °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Helium? Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer. Electron Configuration He = 1s2

3 Li Lithium Lithium N Name: Lithium Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Lithium? Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine. Electron Configuration Li = 1s22s1

4 Be Beryllium Beryllium N Name: Beryllium Symbol: Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Beryllium? Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828. Electron Configuration Be = 1s22s2

5 B Boron Boron N Name: Boron Symbol: B Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Boron? An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard. Electron Configuration B = 1s22s22p1

6 C Carbon Carbon N Name: Carbon Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Carbon? Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements. Electron Configuration C = 1s22s22p2

7 N Nitrogen Nitrogen N Name: Nitrogen Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C (77.35 °K, °F) Link What is Nitrogen? Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford. Electron Configuration N = 1s22s22p3

8 O Oxygen Oxygen N Name: Oxygen Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C (54.75 °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C (90.15 °K, °F) What is Oxygen? A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774. Electron Configuration O = 1s22s22p4

9 F Fluorine Fluorine N Name: Fluorine Symbol: F Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C (53.53 °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C (85.01 °K, °F) What is Fluorine? A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886. Electron Configuration F = 1s22s22p5

10 Ne Neon Neon N pslawinski, wikipedia.org Name: Neon Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Neon? Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises % of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers. Electron Configuration Ne = 1s22s22p6

11 Na Sodium Sodium N Name: Sodium Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: 97.8 °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Sodium? Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807. Electron Configuration Na = 1s22s22p63s1

12 Mg Magnesium Magnesium N Name: Magnesium Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Magnesium? Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828. Electron Configuration Mg = 1s22s22p63s2

13 Al Aluminum Aluminum N Name: Aluminum Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Aluminum? Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted. Electron Configuration Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1

14 Si Silicon Silicon N Name: Silicon Symbol: Si Atomic Number: 14 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Silicon? Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius. Electron Configuration Si = 1s22s22p63s23p2

15 P Phosphorus Phosphorus N Name: Phosphorus Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: 44.1 °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Phosphorus? Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669. Electron Configuration P = 1s22s22p63s23p3

16 S Sulfur Sulfur N Name: Sulfur Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Sulfur? Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion. Electron Configuration S = 1s22s22p63s23p4

17 Cl Chlorine Chlorine N Name: Chlorine Symbol: Cl Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Chlorine? Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810. Electron Configuration Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5

18 Ar Argon Argon N Name: Argon Symbol: Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C (83.85 °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C (87.15 °K, °F) pslawinski, wikipedia.org What is Argon? Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894. Electron Configuration Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6

19 K Potassium Potassium N Name: Potassium Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C (336.8 °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Potassium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. Electron Configuration K = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1

20 Ca Calcium Calcium N Name: Calcium Symbol: Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Calcium? Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms. Electron Configuration Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2

21 Sc Scandium Scandium N Name: Scandium Symbol: Sc Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Scandium? Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879. Electron Configuration Sc = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d1

22 Ti Titanium Titanium N Name: Titanium Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 22 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Titanium? White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789. Electron Configuration Ti = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d2

23 V Vanadium Vanadium N Name: Vanadium Symbol: V Atomic Number: 23 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Vanadium? Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled. What is Vanadium? Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled. Electron Configuration V = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d3

24 Cr Chromium Chromium N Name: Chromium Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Chromium? Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. Electron Configuration Cr = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s13d5

25 Mn Manganese Manganese N Name: Manganese Symbol: Mn Atomic Number: 25 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Manganese? Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele. Electron Configuration Mn = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d5

26 Fe Iron Iron N Name: Iron Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Iron? Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements. Electron Configuration Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d6

27 Co Cobalt Cobalt N Name: Cobalt Symbol: Co Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Cobalt? Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737. Electron Configuration Co = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d7

28 Ni Nickel Nickel N Name: Nickel Symbol: Ni Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Nickel? Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751. Electron Configuration Ni = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d8

29 Cu Copper Copper N Name: Copper Symbol: Cu Atomic Number: 29 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Copper? Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside. Electron Configuration Cu = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s13d10

30 Zn Zinc Zinc N Name: Zinc Symbol: Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Zinc? Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non-metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. Electron Configuration Zn = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d10

31 Ga Gallium Gallium N Foobar, wikipedia.org Name: Gallium Symbol: Ga Atomic Number: 31 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Gallium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Electron Configuration Ga = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p1

32 Ge Germanium Germanium N Name: Germanium Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Germanium? Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler. Electron Configuration Ge = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p2

33 As Arsenic Arsenic N Name: Arsenic Symbol: As Atomic Number: 33 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Arsenic? Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250. Electron Configuration As = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p3

34 Se Selenium Selenium N Name: Selenium Symbol: Se Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Selenium? Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulfur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius. Electron Configuration Se = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p4

35 Br Bromine Bromine N RTC, wikipedia.org Name: Bromine Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: -7.2 °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Bromine? Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapor irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. Electron Configuration Br = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p5

36 Kr Krypton Krypton N Name: Krypton Symbol: Kr Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Mass: 83.8 amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Krypton? Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, % by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with fluorine. Electron Configuration Kr = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p6

37 Rb Rubidium Rubidium N Name: Rubidium Symbol: Rb Atomic Number: 37 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Rubidium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff. Rb = [Kr]5s1

38 Sr Strontium Strontium N Name: Strontium Symbol: Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Strontium? Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Sr = [Kr]5s2

39 Y Yttrium Yttrium N Name: Yttrium Symbol: Y Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Yttrium? Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, Celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler. Y = [Kr]5s24d1

40 Zr Zirconium Zirconium N Name: Zirconium Symbol: Zr Atomic Number: 40 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Zirconium? Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a neutron absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius. Zr = [Kr]5s24d2

41 Nb Niobium Niobium N Name: Niobium Symbol: Nb Atomic Number: 41 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Niobium? Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees Celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in Called columbium originally. Nb = [Kr]5s14d5

42 Mo Molybdenum Molybdenum N Name: Molybdenum Symbol: Mo Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) The name comes from the Greek word molybdos which means lead. Trace amounts of molybdenum are required for all known forms of life. All molybdenum compounds should be considered highly toxic, and will also cause severe birth defects. What is Molybdenum? Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. Mo = [Kr]5s14d5

43 Tc Technetium Technetium N Name: Technetium Symbol: Tc Atomic Number: 43 Atomic Mass: (98.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Technetium? Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6x106 years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Tc = [Kr]5s24d5

44 Ru Ruthenium Ruthenium N Name: Ruthenium Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Ruthenium? Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus. Ru = [Kr]5s14d7

45 Rh Rhodium Rhodium N Name: Rhodium Symbol: Rh Atomic Number: 45 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Rhodium? Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Rh = [Kr]5s14d8

46 Pd Palladium Palladium N Name: Palladium Symbol: Pd Atomic Number: 46 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Palladium? Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Pd = [Kr]4d10

47 Ag Silver Silver N Name: Silver Symbol: Ag Atomic Number: 47 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Silver? White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewelry, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically. Ag = [Kr]5s14d10

48 Cd Cadmium Cadmium N Name: Cadmium Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Cadmium? Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer. Cd = [Kr]5s24d10

49 In Indium Indium N Name: Indium Symbol: In Atomic Number: 49 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Indium? Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6x104 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter. In = [Kr]5s24d105p1

50 Sn Tin Tin N Name: Tin Symbol: Sn Atomic Number: 50 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Tin? Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Sn = [Kr]5s24d105p2

51 Sb Antimony Antimony N Name: Antimony Symbol: Sb Atomic Number: 51 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Antimony? Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in 1450. Sb = [Kr]5s24d105p3

52 Te Tellurium Tellurium N Name: Tellurium Symbol: Te Atomic Number: 52 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Tellurium? Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to sulfur. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller. Te = [Kr]5s24d105p4

53 I Iodine Iodine N Name: Iodine Symbol: I Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Iodine? Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois. I = [Kr]5s24d105p5

54 Xe Xenon Xenon Name: Xenon Symbol: Xe Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) pslawinski, wikipedia.org What is Xenon? Colorless, odorless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898. Xe = [Kr]5s24d105p6

55 Cs Cesium Cesium N Name: Cesium Symbol: Cs Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: 28.5 °C ( °K, 83.3 °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Cesium? Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 15K. Cesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Cesium is the most electropositive, most alkaline and has the least ionization potential of all the elements. Known uses include the basis of atomic clocks, catalyst for the hydrogenation of some organic compounds, and in photoelectric cells. Cesium was discovered by Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen in Germany in 1860 spectroscopically. Its identification was based upon the bright blue lines in its spectrum. The name comes from the latin word caesius, which means sky blue. Cesium should be considered highly toxic. Some of the radioisotopes are even more toxic. What is Cesium? Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 15 K. Cesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Cs = [Xe]6s1

56 Ba Barium Barium N Name: Barium Symbol: Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Barium? Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Ba = [Xe]6s2

57 La Lanthanum Lanthanum N Name: Lanthanum Symbol: La Atomic Number: 57 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Lanthanum? (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life of 1010 to 1015 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander. La = [Xe]5d16s2

58 Ce Cerium Cerium N Name: Cerium Symbol: Ce Atomic Number: 58 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Cerium? Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803. Ce = [Xe] 6s24f15d1

59 Pr Praseodymium Praseodymium N Name: Praseodymium Symbol: Pr Atomic Number: 59 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Praseodymium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach. Pr = [Xe] 6s24f3

60 Nd Neodymium Neodymium N Name: Neodymium Symbol: Nd Atomic Number: 60 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) The name comes from the Greek words "neos didymos" which means "new twin". Neodymium should be considered highly toxic, however evidence would seem to show that it acts as little more than a skin and eye irritant. The dust however, presents a fire and explosion hazard. What is Neodymium? Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 1010 to 1015 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental components praseodymium and neodymium. Nd = [Xe] 6s24f4

61 Pm Promethium Promethium N Name: Promethium Symbol: Pm Atomic Number: 61 Atomic Mass: (145.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Promethium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm-147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947. Pm = [Xe] 6s24f5

62 Sm Samarium Samarium N Name: Samarium Symbol: Sm Atomic Number: 62 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Samarium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of 2.5x1011 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. Sm = [Xe] 6s24f6

63 Eu Europium Europium N Name: Europium Symbol: Eu Atomic Number: 63 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Europium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are neutron absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes. Eu = [Xe] 6s24f7

64 Gd Gadolinium Gadolinium N Name: Gadolinium Symbol: Gd Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Gadolinium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880. Gd = [Xe] 6s25d14f7

65 Tb Terbium Terbium N Name: Terbium Symbol: Tb Atomic Number: 65 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Terbium? Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843. Tb = [Xe] 6s24f9

66 Dy Dysprosium Dysprosium N Name: Dysprosium Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Dysprosium? Metallic with a bright silvery-white luster. Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of 3x106 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain. Dy = [Xe] 6s24f10

67 Ho Holmium Holmium N Name: Holmium Symbol: Ho Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Holmium? Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural isotope, Ho-165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in The name homium comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is a fire hazard.

68 Er Erbium Erbium Name: Erbium Symbol: Er Atomic Number: 68 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Erbium? Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843.

69 Tm Thulium Thulium Name: Thulium Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Thulium? Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve.

70 Yb Ytterbium Ytterbium Name: Ytterbium Symbol: Yb Atomic Number: 70 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Ytterbium? Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878.

71 Lu Lutetium Lutetium Name: Lutetium Symbol: Lu Atomic Number: 71 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Lutetium? Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from ytterbium was described by Georges Urbain in It was discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris.

72 Hf Hafnium Hafnium Name: Hafnium Symbol: Hf Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Hafnium? Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923.

73 Ta Tantalum Tantalum Name: Tantalum Symbol: Ta Atomic Number: 73 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Tantalum? Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius.

74 W Tungsten Tungsten Name: Tungsten Symbol: W Atomic Number: 74 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Tungsten? White or grey metallic transition element, formerly called wolfram. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783.

75 Re Rhenium Rhenium Name: Rhenium Symbol: Re Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Rhenium? Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconducting.

76 Os Osmium Osmium Name: Osmium Symbol: Os Atomic Number: 76 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Osmium? Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium.

77 Ir Iridium Iridium Name: Iridium Symbol: Ir Atomic Number: 77 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Iridium? Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of days. Ir-192 decays into platinum, while the other radioisotopes decay into osmium. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic.

78 Pt Platinum Platinum Name: Platinum Symbol: Pt Atomic Number: 78 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Platinum? Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. Hydrogen and oxygen react explosively in the presence of platinum. There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South America in The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly toxic.

79 Au Gold Gold Name: Gold Symbol: Au Atomic Number: 79 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Gold? Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some.

80 Hg Mercury Mercury Name: Mercury Symbol: Hg Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Germicidal UV discharge tube contains mercury. Hat making From the mid-18th to the mid-19th centuries, a process called "carroting" was used in the making of felt hats. Animal skins were rinsed in an orange solution (the term "carroting" arose from this color) of the mercury compound mercuric nitrate, Hg(NO3)2·2H2O. This process separated the fur from the pelt and matted it together. This solution and the vapors it produced were highly toxic. The Unite States Public Health Service banned the use of mercury in the felt industry in December The psychological symptoms associated with mercury poisoning are said by some to have inspired the phrase "mad as a hatter", though etymological study suggests that the phrase is actually much older and unrelated to hatters - see hatter for commentary on the origin of the phrase. Lewis Carroll’s "Mad Hatter" in his book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland was a play on words based on the older phrase, but the character itself does not exhibit symptoms of mercury poisoning. What is Mercury? Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury compounds.

81 Tl Thallium Thallium Name: Thallium Symbol: Tl Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Thallium? Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulfate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer.

82 Pb Lead Lead Name: Lead Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Lead? Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys.

83 Bi Bismuth Bismuth Dschwen, wikipedia.org Name: Bismuth Symbol: Bi Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Bismuth? White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from lead.

84 Po Polonium Polonium Name: Polonium Symbol: Po Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Mass: (209.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Polonium? Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende.

85 At Astatine Astatine Name: Astatine Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Mass: (210.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Astatine? Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California.

Rn Radon Name: Radon Symbol: Rn
86 Rn Radon Radon Name: Radon Symbol: Rn Atomic Number: 86 Atomic Mass: (222.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Radon? Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of Radium-226. Radon itself decays into polonium. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray.

87 Fr Francium Francium Name: Francium Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 Atomic Mass: (223.0) amu Melting Point: 27.0 °C ( °K, 80.6 °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Francium? Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey.

88 Ra Radium Radium Name: Radium Symbol: Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Mass: (226.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Link What is Radium? Radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half-life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie.

89 Ac Actinium Actinium Name: Actinium Symbol: Ac Atomic Number: 89 Atomic Mass: (227.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Actinium? Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac-228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899.

90 Th Thorium Thorium Name: Thorium Symbol: Th Atomic Number: 90 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Thorium? Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium-232 captures slow neutrons and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829.

91 Pa Protactinium Protactinium Name: Protactinium Symbol: Pa Atomic Number: 91 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: Unknown What is Protactinium? Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43x104 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn.

92 U Uranium Uranium Name: Uranium Symbol: U Atomic Number: 92 Atomic Mass: amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Uranium? White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789.

93 Np Neptunium Neptunium Name: Neptunium Symbol: Np Atomic Number: 93 Atomic Mass: (237.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Neptunium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2x106 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5x103 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940.

94 Pu Plutonium Plutonium Name: Plutonium Symbol: Pu Atomic Number: 94 Atomic Mass: (244.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) What is Plutonium? Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu-244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6x107 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940.

95 Am Americium Americium Name: Americium Symbol: Am Atomic Number: 95 Atomic Mass: (243.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: °C ( °K, °F) Lawrence Berkeley National Lab What is Americium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95x103 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding uranium-238 with alpha particles.

96 Cm Curium Curium Name: Curium Symbol: Cm Atomic Number: 96 Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu Melting Point: °C ( °K, °F) Boiling Point: Unknown Link What is Curium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64x107 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with neutrons. Named for Marie Curie.

97 Bk Berkelium Berkelium Name: Berkelium Symbol: Bk Atomic Number: 97 Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Berkelium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of 1.4x103 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles.

98 Cf Californium Californium Name: Californium Symbol: Cf Atomic Number: 98 Atomic Mass: (251.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Californium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Cf-251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known. Cf-252 is an intense neutron source, which makes it an intense neutron source and gives it a use in neutron activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950.

99 Es Einsteinium Einsteinium Name: Einsteinium Symbol: Es Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Mass: (252.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Einsteinium? Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard.

100 Fm Fermium Fermium Name: Fermium Symbol: Fm Atomic Number: 100 Atomic Mass: (257.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Fermium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm-257 with a half-life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952.

101 Md Mendelevium Mendelevium Name: Mendelevium Symbol: Md Atomic Number: 101 Atomic Mass: (258.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Mendelevium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in Alternative name unnilunium has been proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev.

102 No Nobelium Nobelium Name: Nobelium Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102 Atomic Mass: (259.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown Link What is Nobelium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in Unnilbium has been proposed as an alternative name.

103 Lr Lawrencium Lawrencium Name: Lawrencium Symbol: Lr Atomic Number: 103 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Lawrencium? Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. The name is temporary IUPAC nomenclature, the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard.

104 Rf Rutherfordium Rutherfordium Name: Rutherfordium Symbol: Rf Atomic Number: 104 Atomic Mass: (261.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Rutherfordium (Unnilquadium)? Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964.

105 Db Dubnium Dubnium Name: Dubnium Symbol: Db Atomic Number: 105 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Dubnium (Unnilpentium)? Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered.

106 Sg Seaborgium Seaborgium Name: Seaborgium Symbol: Sg Atomic Number: 106 Atomic Mass: (263.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown Link What is Seaborgium (Unnilhexium)? Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974.

107 Bh Bohrium Bohrium Name: Bohrium Symbol: Bh Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown What is Bohrium (Unnilseptium)? Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt.

108 Hs Hassium Hassium Name: Hassium Symbol: Hs Atomic Number: 108 Atomic Mass: (265.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown

109 Mt Meitnerium Meitnerium Name: Meitnerium Symbol: Mt Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Mass: (266.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown

Einsteinium (Es) Albert Einstein Relativity E = mc2
Offered Presidency of Israel Element 99 Photoelectric effect Solar calculator

Curium (Cm) Madame Curie Pioneer in radioactivity
(Ra = radium) 25 pounds of pitchblende ore yields 1/1000 of a gram of radium Emits 2 millions times as much radiation as uranium (Rn = radon gas) Discovered 5 elements Nobel Prize (5 in Curie family) Born in Poland (Po = polonium) Marie Curie (1876–1934)

Radium (Ra) Radium was used as a fluorescent paint on watch dials. It was applied with thin brushes that workers would lick to keep a fine tip. Many people died from the exposure to radium.

Radon Gas Radon gas occurs naturally from the radioactive decay
of radium. Radium is found in small amounts in rock. SOURCES OF RADON “Radon, the heaviest noble gas, was first observed as the gas produced by the radioactive element radium when it decayed. Some granites used for building houses have been found to give off tiny amounts of radon, which can accumulate in confined areas.” Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 33 Ra  Rn + radiation Predicted fraction of homes over 4 picocuries/liter radon

Nobelium (No) Element 102 Inventor: dynamite (TNT) blasting gelatin
Nobel Prize Alfred Bernhard Nobel ( ) was born in Stockholm, Sweden on October 31, When he was 9 years old, his family moved to St. Petersburg. He was educated mostly privately and at the age of 16 was a scientifically trained chemist. He loved literature and the natural sciences. He knew English, German, French, Swedish and Russian. He traveled to Paris and USA to continue his studies. Then he worked in his father’s factory. He began to experiment with nitroglycerine, the manufacture of which developed into a world industry. Then he invented new, improved explosive, dynamite. He received a patent in But it isn’t his only discovery. He discovered other explosives, use to mining, constructing highways, railways etc. He traveled a lot, so he wasn’t at home and he was here only on temporary visits. He became very rich. He died on December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy and left the major part of his large estate in trust to established five prizes. They are awarded every year in physics, chemistry, psychology or medicine, literature and peace. The distribution of these prizes was begun on December 10, 1901, the fifth anniversary of Nobel’s death. The peace prize is presented in Oslo, other prizes in Stockholm. Two people from Czech republic were awarded the Nobel prizes: Professor Jaroslav Heyrovský in 1959 for the discovery and development of polarography and National Artist Jaroslav Seifert in 1984 for his outstanding contribution to poetry. Image of Alfred Nobel from Trinitrotoluene Alfred Nobel “Merchant of Death”

Seaborgium (Sg) Glenn Seaborg
Separated f-block from rest of periodic table Worked on Manhattan Project (Atomic bomb) Classified until after WW II Element 106 Only living person to have an element named for them

Silicon vs. Silicone Silicon (Si) element
Silicone (…Si – O – Si…) polymer Sealant (caulk) prevents leaks Breast augmentation No cause-and-effect relationship exists between breast enlargement and breast cancer. Only one researcher found a causal link.

Magnesium Mg Atomic Mass 24 amu melting point = silver gray metal
24.305 12 Magnesium Atomic Mass 24 amu melting point = silver gray metal used in flash bulbs, bombs,and flares 8th most abundant element (2.2% of Earth’s crust) lack of Mg produces same biological effect as alcoholism (delirium tremens) FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY “Magnesium metal was produced commercially from the 1860s as wire or ribbon. It readily burns in air, the metal being oxidized to magnesium oxide. The brightness of the white flame made it useful in photography to provide studio lighting.” Eyewitness Science “Chemistry” , Dr. Ann Newmark, DK Publishing, Inc., 1993, pg 40

Potassium Metal in Water
Newmark, CHEMISTRY, 1993, page 25

Filling-Order of Electrons in an Atom

Order in which subshells are filled with electrons
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 3d 4d 5d 6d 4f 5f 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d …

Sublevels 4f 4d 4p 4s n = 4 3d 3p 3s n = 3 Energy 2p 2s n = 2 1s n = 1

Sublevels 4f 4d 4p 4s n = 4 3d 3p 3s n = 3 Energy 2p 2s n = 2 1s n = 1
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d10… 2p 2s n = 2 1s n = 1

Filling Rules for Electron Orbitals
Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added one at a time to the lowest energy orbitals available until all the electrons of the atom have been accounted for. Pauli Exclusion Principle: An orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons. To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must spin in opposite directions. Hund’s Rule: Electrons occupy equal-energy orbitals so that a maximum number of unpaired electrons results. *Aufbau is German for “building up”

Nitrogen N = 1s22s22p3 Energy Level Diagram Bohr Model
6s p d f Bohr Model 5s p d 4s p d Arbitrary Energy Scale 3s p N Hund’s Rule “maximum number of unpaired orbitals”. 2s p 1s Electron Configuration NUCLEUS N = 1s22s22p3

s s p 1 2 d 3 K 4s1 Ca 4s2 Sc 3d1 Ti 3d2 V 3d3 Cr 3d5 Cr 3d4 Cu 3d9 Mn 3d5 Fe 3d6 Co 3d7 Ni 3d8 Cu 3d10 Zn 3d10 Ga 4p1 Ge 4p2 As 4p3 Se 4p4 Br 4p5 Kr 4p6 4 Cr 4s13d5 Cu 4s13d10 4f 4d n = 4 4p 3d Cr 4s13d5 4s n = 3 3p Energy 3s 4s 3d 2p n = 2 2s Cu 4s13d10 n = 1 1s 4s 3d

Orbital Diagrams for Nickel
28 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s Excited State 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s Pauli Exclusion 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 1s Hund’s Rule

Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom
6s p d f 32 5s p d 18 4s p d Arbitrary Energy Scale 18 3s p 8 2s p 8 1s 2 NUCLEUS O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177

N C H S Ir O N Mn H He H Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
7 C 6 H 1 e S 16 Ir 77 O 8 N 7 Mn 25 < H 1 He 2 H 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 6 * Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 W La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

Elements Database Elements listed Alphabetically
Printable Periodic Table Elements listed Alphabetically Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Unniloctium Unnilpentium Unnilquadium Unnilseptium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Get free Chemistry and Physics images for your school projects and/or research work. Feel free to use the periodic table images below in your school projects and/or research work.

Periodic Table of the Elements
Images from: Data from: Periodic Table of the Elements Written by: Bill Byles - & Jeff Christopherson – unit5.org/chemistry

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