1. American Journal of Kidney Diseases
Executive summary 
American Journal of Kidney Diseases 
Volume 43, Pages (May 2004)
DOI: /j.ajkd

2. Fig 1
Kidney failure in the United States. Incidence and prevalence of kidney failure treated by dialysis and transplantation (end-stage renal disease) in the United States. Incident patients refers to new cases during the year. Point prevalent patients refers to patient alive on December 31st of the year. Solid vertical lines represent complete data for 1998 and expected data for Projections for future years are based on extrapolation of regression equations. R2 for regression equations is given. From USRDS 2000 Annual Data Report.2
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

3. Fig 2
Conceptual model for stages in the initiation and progression of CKD and therapeutic interventions. Shaded ellipses represent stages of CKD; unshaded ellipses represent potential antecedents or consequences of CKD. Thick arrows between ellipses represent “risk factors” associated with initiation and progression of disease that can be affected or detected by interventions: susceptibility factors (black); initiation factors (dark gray); progression factors (light gray); and end-stage factors (white). Interventions for each stage are given beneath the stage. Individuals who appear normal should be screened for CKD risk factors. Individuals known to be at increased risk for CKD should be screened for CKD. Complications refer to all complications of CKD and its treatment, including complications of decreased GFR (hypertension, anemia, malnutrition, bone disease, neuropathy, and decreased quality of life) and cardiovascular disease. Reprinted with permission.1 Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

4. Fig 3
Prevalence of high blood pressure by level of GFR, adjusted to age 60 years (NHANES III). GFR was estimated using the abbreviated MDRD Study equation. Hypertension was defined as JNC ≥Stage 1 (SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or taking medications for hypertension) or JNC ≥Stage 2 (SBP ≥160 or DBP ≥100 mm Hg). Values are adjusted to age 60 years using a polynomial regression. 95% confidence intervals are shown at selected levels of estimated GFR. Reproduced with permission.1
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

5. Fig 4
CVD mortality in dialysis patients (USRDS) compared to the general population (NCHS). CVD mortality defined by death due to arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction atherosclerotic heart disease, and pulmonary edema in the general population (GP), data from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) multiple cause of mortality data files (ICD 9 codes 402, 404, 410–414, and 425–429, 1993) compared to dialysis patients (data from USRDS special data request). HCFA form 2746, #s 23, 26–29, and 31, 1994–1996. Data are stratified by age, sex, and race. Reproduced with permission.24
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

6. Fig 5
Albuminuria as a risk factor for CVD. The adjusted effect of urinary albumin concentration (UAC) on hazard function in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End Stage Disease (PREVEND) Study. The solid line shows the estimated relationship when logarithmic hazard is modeled as a linear function of log[UAC]. The dotted lines are 95% confidence limits for a more general functional relationship, as estimated by P-splines. The hatched area represents UAC of 20 to 200 mg/L, respectively, corresponding approximately to the definition of microalbuminuria. The graphs show that as UAC increases, the hazard ratios for both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death increases. This increase begins in individuals with UAC in the microalbuminuria range. Reproduced with permission. 8
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

7. Fig 6
Decreased GFR as a risk factor for CVD. Five-year probability of CVD events according to baseline estimated GFR, as observed in 45- to 64-year-old individuals enrolled in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Hatch marks on the horizontal axis indicate number of individuals with events at corresponding level of GFR. The large increase in risk for individuals with baseline GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 is apparent. The increased risk is attenuated after adjustment for other known risk factors, but remains statistically significant. Reproduced with permission.9
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

8. Fig 7
Risk factors for kidney disease progression related to hypertension. Shaded ellipses represent stages of kidney disease (see Fig 2). Thick arrows between ellipses represent “risk factors” associated with progression of disease that can be affected by antihypertensive therapy. Thin arrows represent relationships between risk factors. Dashed lines indicate hypothesized causal relationships.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

9. Fig 8
Evolution of National Kidney Foundation Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in CKD. Abbreviations: Cr, serum creatinine concentration; NKF, National Kidney Foundation; CVD, cardiovascular disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; CKD, chronic kidney disease; K/DOQI, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. To convert serum creatinine from mg/dL to mmol/L, multiply by 88.4.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )

10. Fig 9
Algorithm for evaluation and management of hypertension and use of antihypertensive agents in CKD.
American Journal of Kidney Diseases  , 16-33DOI: ( /j.ajkd )