1. The Spread of Chinese Civilization: Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
Chapter 13: Pgs

2. Japan: Imperial Age Intro 7th/8th century: Borrow heavily from China
12th-17th century: civil wars
Taika Reforms: copy Chinese administration
Characters/ language adoption: struggle
Wrote history in dynastic terms
Struggle to master Confucian ways
Worship Chinese style temples
Admire Buddhist art
Shinto: begin worshiping Buddhist deities

3. Japan: Imperial Age Crisis at Nara/Shift to Heian
Buddhist monks gaining influence in government: Emperor can’t control
Moves to Heian: monks build monasteries in nearby hills
Power given to aristocratic families
Rank determined by birth, not merit
Local leaders organize militias
Ultra civilized: Court Life in the Heian Era
Hyper structure rules of court
Polite behavior always
Every action is known: always façade
Complex gardens/palaces

4. Japan: Imperial Age Decline of Imperial Power Literature
The Tale of Genji by Lady Maurasaki
1st novel ever
Criticizes those who pursue aesthetic enjoyment
Shows how poised/cultured nobility must act
Females play unusually creative roll: avoided full Chinese influence
Decline of Imperial Power
9th century: Fujiwara clan influence emperor
Stacked courts, married into families, large estates
Monks equally build up power
Can work with powerful families to decrease imperial power

5. Japan: Imperial Age Rise of Provincial Warrior Elites
Large landed estates
Aristocratic families
Landowners, estate managers, local officials as well
Mini-kingdoms: like manors in Europe
Small fortresses
Constant threat from neighboring lords
Self-sufficient: granaries, forge, wells
Warrior leaders: Bushi
Administered law, public works, collected revenue
Maintained armies

6. Japan: Imperial Age Samurai armies: loyal to lords
Called in to protect emperor
Age of danger/bandits: samurai as bodyguards
Warrior class
Constantly training in hunting, riding, archery
Used long bows/steel swords
Bushido: warrior code
Courage
Seppuku/hari kari if you dishonor your family
Prearranged battle locations, proclaimed ancestry, few fatalities
Peasants become serfs: can’t carry swords, dress like samurai
Turned to Buddhism

7. Era of Warrior Dominance
Intro
12th century on = civil wars
Chinese influence declines
Declining Influence of China
Emperor: heavenly mandate/centralized power a joke
Regional power clear
Gempei Wars: Taira vs. Minamoto
War over influence/throne of Japan
Greatly affects peasants
Bakufu: military government
Power with Minamoto family/samurai retainers

8. Era of Warrior Dominance
Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance
Shoguns: military leaders of bakufu
Yoritomo Minamoto death
Bushi lords build up own power
Hojo clan: dominate Kamakura regime
Three tier system
Hojo family  Minamoto shoguns  Emperor in Kyoto
14th century: Ashikaga Takuaji revolts against Kamakura regime: emperor flees to hills
Established Ashikaga Shogunate

9. Era of Warrior Dominance
Civil strife undermines authority
Warlords seize land/crush local rivals
Warlords pass land to samurai in exchange for military support
Rivals to Askikaga Shogunate
Civil war : destroys capital
Provincial lords gain power
300 little kingdoms
Daimyos instead of bushi

10. Era of Warrior Dominance
Toward Barbarism?
Chivalrous qualities of Bushi era deteriorate
Spying, sneak attacks, betrayals
Poorly trained peasant forces
Didn’t hinge on samurai battle, but size/organization of peasant force
Looks like they are reverting
Daimyos try to maintain order
Tax collection, public works, new crops: soybeans, new commercial class emerges
Women
Disinheritance
Used for marriage alliances
Rape: kill themselves

11. Korea Intro Most profoundly influenced and longest by China
Extension of mainland
Hunting/herding peoples
Colonized by Chinese
Choson: 109 BCE 1st Korean kingdom
Korguyo tribe resist Chinese rule, but Sinification
Variants of Buddhism, Chinese writing, unified law code, universities, tried to implement Chinese style but nobles won’t allow it
Divided into 3
Koguryo, Paekche, Silla

12. Korea Tang Alliances/Conquest Sinification: Tributary Link
Feud between 3 Kingdoms weakens Korea
Chinese alliance w/Silla: becomes tributary state
Payments, submission as vassal, Chinese withdraw armies 668
Sinification: Tributary Link
Tribute
Sends emissaries to bring back texts/trends
Acknowledgement of Son of Heaven: kowtow
Benefits of Tribute System
Continued peace, access to Chinese learning, merchants went with emissaries
Major channel of trade/cultural exchange

13. Korea Sinification of Korean Elite Civilization for the Few
Aristocrats
Family connections more important than test scores
Favor Buddhism over Confucianism
Civilization for the Few
Elite attracted to luxury goods
Clothes, teas, scrolls, artwork
Export: Lumber/copper
Beneath elite class
Purpose: service elites
Government workers
Commoners
Near-slaves: low born
Collapse/Renewal
Yi dynasty

14. Vietnam Intro Viets not as accepting of Chinese influence
Fear of losing identity
Already received benefits from China
Tech, market for trade, political organization
Seen as “southern barbarians”
Differences from China
Language, village autonomy, nuclear family, no clan networks, women greater influence, etc…

15. Vietnam Conquest/Sinification Roots of Resistance
111 BCE Han dynasty conquers Vietnam: elite realize they can benefit
Attend Chinese schools, took exams for administration, farming techniques, military organization gave them edge over neighbors
Roots of Resistance
Peasants rally lords to revolt
Trung sisters 39 CE
Women have a lot to lose with Confucian ideas

16. Vietnam Winning Independence/Continuing Chinese Influence
China can’t control
Distance, small number of Chinese moved to Vietnam, Vietnamese take advantage of political turmoil
939 gain independence
Future leaders borrow
Administration: ministries, civil service exams, Bureau of Censors: Graft/corruption in check
Scholar-gentry never arises
Local officials identify with peasants
Buddhist monks strong link with peasants

17. Vietnam Drive to the South Expansion/Division
Defeat Khmer/Cham neighbors: superior force/weapons
Expansion/Division
Trinh(North) vs. Nguyen(South): civil wars
Southerners seen as slow, less energetic
Adoption of local customs
Unable to unite against foreign threat: French/Catholic Church