1. Teaching Academic Writing through Literature
John Schilb, co-author of
Making Literature Matter, Fifth Ed.

2. Elements of Argument Persuade Audience Claim Issue Evidence Warrants
When you argue, you attempt to persuade an audience to accept your claims, regarding an issue by presenting evidence and relying on warrants
Persuade
Audience
Claim
Issue
Evidence
Warrants

3. “The Chimney Sweeper” William Blake
When my mother died I was very young And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry, “’weep! ’weep! ’weep! ’weep!” So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep. There’s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb’s back, was shaved, so I said, “Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your head’s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair.” And so he was quiet & that very night, As Tom was a –sleeping he had such a sight! That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned & Jack, Were all of them locked up in coffins of black;

4. “The Chimney Sweeper” William Blake
And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he opened the coffins & set them all free; Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run, And wash in a river and shine in the Sun. Then naked & white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind. And the Angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for a father & never want joy. And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark And got with our bags & our brushes to work. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy & warm; So if all do their duty; they need not fear harm.

5. The poem’s speaker and the other boys he refers to have a hard life, because they must do the dirty work of chimney sweeping even though they are just youths who would, like most children, prefer to play instead. An
Obvious
Thesis

6. A Better Sample Opening
The casual reader of William Blake’s “The Chimney Sweeper” may not notice that among the repeated words in the poem is “father.” In the second line, the speaker tells us that “my father sold me,” and when he later reports Tom’s dream to us, he says that the Angel promised Tom that “good” behavior would result in Tom’s having “God for his father.” Why does Blake repeat this word? Different readers of the poem may have different answers, but the most plausible one is that Blake wishes to emphasize something about the speaker’s state of mind. Clearly the speaker joins Tom in relying on the image of a heavenly father, but Blake also implies that the speaker looks to God in compensation for his earthly father’s desertion of him. At the same time, Blake suggests, this desertion has left the speaker to become a father figure to his young co-workers, even though he cannot powerfully perform this role because he is just a child needing parental guidance himself.
A Better
Sample
Opening

7. How To Get Beyond the Obvious
Identify an issue
a question with no obvious, immediate answer
how we answer it is important for our understanding of the text
Establish a claim
your debatable answer to that question

8. Kinds of Issues Issues of Fact Issues of Theme Issues of Definition
Issues of Symbolism
Issues of Pattern
Issues of Cause and Effect
Issues of Evaluation
Issues of Genre
Issues of Historical and Social Context
Issues of Social Policy

9. Issues of Fact Exactly how old is the speaker?
A possibly significant issue of fact:
How accurately does the speaker report what Tom said about the dream?
A possible claim:
Although probably the speaker does not extremely distort what Tom said, he seems anxious to summarize and interpret the dream in a way that will comfort himself.
A possibly insignificant issue of fact:
Exactly how old is the speaker?

10. Issues of Theme A too-detectable theme:
So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm.
Possible themes:
Child laborers are likely to suffer harm when social institutions encourage them to believe that obeying their employers is what will keep them safe.
Improving terrible labor conditions can be especially difficult when workers believe they must accept their lot.

11. Issues of Definition
When my mother died I was very young And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry, “ ’weep! ’weep! ’weep! ’weep!” So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep. There’s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb’s back, was shaved, so I said, “Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your head’s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair.” And so he was quiet & that very night, As Tom was a –sleeping he had such a sight! That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned & Jack, Were all of them locked up in coffins of black;

12. Issues of Definition
And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he opened the coffins & set them all free; Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run, And wash in a river and shine in the Sun. Then naked & white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind. And the Angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for a father & never want joy. And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark And got with our bags & our brushes to work. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy & warm; So if all do their duty; they need not fear harm.

13. Possible Claims of Definition
Although the speaker refers to literal acts of “sleeping,” he also “sleeps” metaphorically, in the sense that he lacks sufficient consciousness to analyze and fight the social conditions that oppress him.
Both Tom and the speaker imagine being “free” in the sense of being able to cavort leisurely in heaven, but as children they are unable to imagine or strive for the earthly “freedom” that would involve liberating all youths from harsh labor.
Both Tom and the speaker imagine being literally “washed” in a heavenly river, but as children on earth they suffer from their “clean” minds, being so naïve, pure, and innocent that they cannot see how corrupt their society is.

14. Issues and Claims of Symbolism
An issue and claim of symbolism:
What is the significance of Tom’s head being compared to “a lamb’s back”?
The New Testament and other Christian texts associate Jesus with a sacrificial lamb. Tom does not seem saintly, but like Jesus he does undergo sacrifice, in the sense that the elders of his society make him toil in its physical maintenance rather than let him enjoy childhood.

15. Issues of Pattern Formal structures (e.g., stanzas, rhyme schemes)
Repetitions
Words similar in meaning or sound
Oppositions
Breaks from a pattern

16. Patterns
When my mother died I was very young And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry, “’weep! ’weep! ’weep! ’weep!” So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep. There’s little Tom Dacre, who cried when his head That curled like a lamb’s back, was shaved, so I said, “Hush, Tom! Never mind it, for when your head’s bare, You know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair.” And so he was quiet & that very night, As Tom was a –sleeping he had such a sight! That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned & Jack, Were all of them locked up in coffins of black;

17. Patterns
And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he opened the coffins & set them all free; Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing they run, And wash in a river and shine in the Sun. Then naked & white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and sport in the wind. And the Angel told Tom, if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for a father & never want joy. And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark And got with our bags & our brushes to work. Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy & warm; So if all do their duty; they need not fear harm.

18. Patterns Crying Sweeping Fathers Sleeping-waking Night-day Coffins
Dark-white/bright/sunny/washed
Work-play
Messages

19. Issues and Claims of Cause and Effect
Character-centered:
Why does Tom have the dream he does right after the speaker tries to console him about his shaven head?
Perhaps Tom has the dream “that very night” because even though the speaker’s advice first manages to leave him “quiet,” he is not really comforted for long, needing a vision that better acknowledges the chimney sweepers’ collective misery while it also recognizes that at least God cares for them.

20. Issues and Claims of Cause and Effect
Author-centered:
Why does Blake have Tom dream his dream right after the speaker tries to console Tom about his shaven head?
Perhaps Blake has Tom dream the dream then because the poet wants to suggest that the speaker’s advice might not comfort a boy like Tom—that such boys need a vision that better acknowledges their collective misery while it also recognizes that at least God cares for them.
What is the effect of Blake’s placing the dream right after the speaker’s advice?
Blake’s placement of the dream has the effect of suggesting to the reader that the speaker’s advice might not comfort . . .

21. Evaluation What is “a good boy”? What constitutes “harm”?
How reliable are the speaker’s observations and judgments?

22. Claims about Genre
Although “The Chimney Sweeper” concludes with what appears to be a message to the reader (“So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm”), the poem is not really a sermon by its speaker. Rather, it is basically the speaker’s attempt at self-consolation.

23. Issues of History, Society & Policy

24. Issues of History, Society and Policy

25. Further Advice Acknowledge that other readers might disagree with you
Acknowledge that you’ve been having a disagreement with yourself
Point out what a superficial reader might fail to realize about the poem
Don’t be afraid to phrase your issue as a question
Make sure your reader leaves your introduction aware that your essay has an issue as well as a main claim

26. Kinds of Issues Issues of Fact Issues of Theme Issues of Definition
Issues of Symbolism
Issues of Pattern
Issues of Cause and Effect
Issues of Evaluation
Issues of Genre
Issues of Historical and Social Context
Issues of Social Policy

27. And now it’s time for your questions…
John Schilb